强奸罪立法的反思与重构

传统的强奸罪只将犯罪对象限定为女性,由于时代的不断发展,在强奸犯罪的领域出现了女性强奸等各种不同的新情况,而我国强奸罪的现行立法面对这些新情况则没有回应。本文通过对强奸罪的女性主体、男性犯罪对象、婚内强奸以及强奸罪的"自诉"化等问题进行探讨,指出:女性可以成为强奸罪的主体;强奸罪的犯罪对象也可以是男性;对未成年人应特别保护;强奸罪的一些情况可以纳入"自诉"案件的范围。     

强迫情侣当众发生性关系的应当构成强奸罪

本文案例启示:强奸罪的成立应从被害人的角度加以认定,"拼死抗拒"并非认定"违背女性意志"的终极标准,同时,强奸罪和强制猥亵妇女罪的区别在于是否实施了性交行为,因此对于行为人采用暴力、威胁等强制手段强迫情侣当众发生性关系的,应当认定为强奸罪。情侣中被迫发生性关系的男方,符合紧急避险的构成要件,不负刑事责任,不能以胁从犯论处。     

中英刑法强奸罪比较研究

强奸罪是一种严重侵犯妇女人身权利的犯罪。在当今任何国家，不管其社会制度是否相同，都是刑法规定要严厉打击的犯罪之一。因而，我国与英国虽社会制度不同，刑法性质不同，惩罚强奸犯罪的根本目的不同，但两国刑法对强奸罪的规定作为一种社会防护措施，是可以互为借鉴的；为进一步完善我国刑事立法，也需要吸收他国的法律文化。本文拟从强奸罪的立法、强奸罪的犯罪构成等方面对中英刑法作一比较分析。一、关于强奸犯罪立法的比较中国和英国分属两个完全不同的法律体系，关于强奸犯罪的法律渊源完全不同。一般认为，判例法国家的法律基本上…     

浅论我国强奸罪的几个特殊问题

随着社会的发展我国对的强奸罪的规定已经不能解决生活中所有问题。对强奸行为规定的过于狭窄,出现了法律保护的空白;强奸罪的犯罪主体为男性,女性只能构成强奸罪的共犯,使得一些女性性犯罪得不到相应的制裁;强奸罪的犯罪对象仅指女性,导致男性的性权利得不到有效保护。本文对这些问题进行思考,提出了一些看法和建议。     

精神障碍妇女性自我防卫能力及评定中的几个问题

<正> 在司法精神病学鉴定实践中,女性精神障碍者与他人发生性行为后,司法部门常委托对该女性进行司法精神鉴定,确定其是否患有精神障碍和有无性自我防卫能力,并以此鉴定作为判定被告是否构成强奸罪的重要证据。由于这类司法精神鉴定有其一定的特殊内容和性质,有关性自我防卫能力的概念及其评定标准尚不统一,争议较大。作者根据自己长期司法精神鉴定实践,将此类鉴定中应考虑到的几个问题,结合有关法律规定加以讨论,供同道参考。     

也谈我国强奸罪的重构

强奸罪是一种严重侵犯公民人身权利的犯罪，具有严重的社会危害性，是世界各国刑法重点打击的犯罪之一，我国也不例外。传统的强奸罪的犯罪主体是男性，犯罪对象只能是女性，但是，随着男性强暴男性、女性强暴男性等情形的不断出现，我国现行刑法236条规定的强奸罪相关规定已明显呈现出滞后性，呈现出打击不力的问题。本文基于司法实践中不断出现男性强暴男性、女性强暴男性等案件，对刑法强奸罪的主体、对象进行反思，进而提出重构强奸罪的必要性，以及如何重构的设想，以讨教方家。     

违背妇女意志是强奸罪的本质特征——兼与谢慧教授商榷

奸淫是强奸罪的结果(目的)行为,而暴力、胁迫或者其他手段是其手段行为.由于强奸罪的保护法益是妇女的性的自己决定权(性自主权),而妇女是否同意性交,或者说性交行为是否违背妇女的意志,成为是否侵犯妇女的性的自己决定权的表征,因此,强奸罪的手段行为的意义在于表明奸淫(性交)行为是在违背妇女意志的情况下实施的.既然如此,违背妇女意志应为强奸罪的本质特征.     

试论强奸罪的概念及其分类

什么是强奸罪?从目前一些教科书和研究文章提出的概念来看,是不能令人满意的。归纳起来,它们一般存在下述三个问题。第一,把强奸罪等同于强奸妇女罪,缩小了强奸罪的外延。具体表现在:①明确讲强奸罪即强奸妇女罪,或反之;②把强奸罪和奸淫幼女罪两个概念并列,根本不提强奸妇女罪。③承认强奸罪包括强奸妇女罪和奸淫幼女罪,但在谈强奸罪特征时,却只谈强奸妇女罪的特征,而把奸淫幼女罪的特征单独论述。     

强奸罪的基本特征和适用范围

强奸罪是性犯罪中最为严重的犯罪。它严重危害女性的身心健康,直接侵犯女性的人身权利,对社会道德风尚和治安秩序起着极坏影响,各国刑法无不将强奸罪列为应予严惩的重罪。     

浅谈同性性侵犯的刑法规制

当前我国刑法对强奸罪的规定主要是针对男性对女性的性侵犯。然而,随着社会发展,"男性对男性"、"女性对女性"这类同性性暴力的案件日益增多。根据"法无明文规定不为罪,法无明文禁止即可为"的刑法原则,上述两类案件都构不成强奸罪,原本应该受到刑法严厉制裁的行为人却得以规避法律。因此,填补同性性侵犯的立法空白、扩充强奸罪的犯罪主体和对象显得极其有必要。     

Rape Crisis Centers and Programs: “Doing Amazing,Wonderful Things on Peanuts”

Even though the anti-rape movement began more than 30 years ago and there is greater awareness of sexual violence, are rape crisis centers or programs financially secure? Data from interviews with 63 rape crisis workers and volunteers from 6 rape crisis centers or programs located in 4 East Coast states indicate not only that rape crisis centers/programs continue to struggle financially but also that lack of funding continues to present challenges. When rape crisis centers/programs experience reductions in funding, staff positions are eliminated, remaining staff and volunteers are overworked, efforts to recruit and train volunteers are compromised, services for victims are reduced, and education and outreach to the communities become less available. Lack of funding negatively affects rape crisis centers/programs and jeopardizes their future.     

Determinants of completing rape and assault

Is rape unique in terms of the factors which transform an attempt into a completion? Or is rape similar to other forms of assaultive violence? These questions are addressed here by employing the National Crime Survey to develop models of attempted versus completed rape, assault on females, and assault on males. Logistic equations predicting each type of victimization are estimated and compared. The analysis shows that rape victimization is unique. Additionally, the differences between attempted versus completed rape and assault cannot be accounted for by the sex of the victim or the sex of the assailant. The implications of these findings for theories of rape and assault are discussed. The policy implications of these findings are briefly considered.     

Characteristics associated with rape attrition and the role played by scepticism or legal rationality by investigators and prosecutors

Abstract

This paper reports a multidimensional scaling analysis of features associated with rape attrition by identifying key aspects of the rape that are associated with loss of cases at the stages of police investigation, prosecutors’ considerations and in court. The research utilized a case-file analysis (n=105) consisting of all rapes reported to one division within a large UK urban police force by females over the age of 16 from April 1998 to April 2003. In addition, interviews were conducted with police officers and Crown Prosecutors to explore their understanding of the reasons why attrition occurs. The findings illustrate the extent to which prejudicial attitudes and legal logic influence police officers’ and solicitors’ modes of thinking and subsequently influence decisions for rape cases to proceed to court. Methodological and practical issues are considered.     

本质上争议的概念：理解强奸的一种进路

近年来围绕强奸概念展开的争论,绝非简单的术语之争,而是道德发展过程的一种动态展示,具有重要的(法律或道德)规范性意义。通过诉诸传统理解,或以技术性原因为由排斥现代女性主义强奸理解的观点,本质上是在通过概念界定压制道德发展。强奸应被视为一种"本质上争议的概念",如此理解,则女性主义对强奸的重新解读或是渗透性界定,以及由此导致的强奸范畴的扩展,就是一种合理的道德或法律发展过程。将强奸视为"本质上争议的概念",意味着关于强奸的公共讨论必须保持开放性,同时也不会导致"任何界定都是可接受的"这种相对主义结论,借助一定的标准,就能够将强奸争论框定在合理的范围之内。     

Rape myths and rape by juveniles

Rape committed during adolescence is a vital indicator for predicting the propensity of committing rape in adulthood. Moreover, although numerous studies related juvenile rape have been proposed in Western countries, most of these studies have focused on the impact of personal factors, and have neglected to examine the impact of rape myths. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the relationship between rape myths and male juvenile rape. This study used an anonymous self-report questionnaire to collect data. Participants included 466 male middle- and high-school students in Taiwan. The results showed that rape myths are associated with juvenile rape. Furthermore, rape victim myths were the myth category relating to juvenile rape, rather than rape perpetrator myths. Among the rape victim myths, the dimension, women secretly wish to be raped, had the strongest association. Discussions pertaining to implications, applications, limitations, and future research are included in the present study.     

Rape Victim Advocates' Knowledge and Insight on Rape Laws

Abstract

Although previous literature details the successes and failures of reforms of rape laws designed to better support and protect victims, there is a lack of research on rape victim advocates' knowledge of and views about rape laws. It is essential that we understand advocates' level of legal knowledge because they may be the first or only source of legal information for victims. Based on analysis of interviews with 58 rape victim advocates serving six rape crisis centers in four East coast states, this article explores advocates' knowledge about rape laws, possible reasons for limited knowledge, and perceptions about various laws that aim to protect rape victims. This research suggests that although advocates have a somewhat limited grasp of laws intended to aid rape victims, they have an overall negative view of the legal system.     

Evaluating Stranger and Acquaintance Rape: The Role of Benevolent Sexism in Perpetrator Blame and Recommended Sentence Length

In most jurisdictions, the law does not recognize the distinction between stranger and acquaintance rape. However, these two types of rape seem to elicit different responses from both lay observers and legal practitioners. Two studies investigating the role of benevolent sexism (BS) in accounting for participants' responses to acquaintance vs. stranger rape perpetrators are reported. Participants were presented with vignettes describing either an acquaintance rape or a stranger rape. As predicted, relative to low-BS individuals, participants who scored high in BS attributed less blame (Study 1) and recommended shorter sentences (Study 2) for the acquaintance rape perpetrator. Benevolent sexism was unrelated to reactions to the perpetrator in the stranger rape condition.     

掀开法律的男权主义面纱——对中国当代性犯罪立法的文化解读与批判

我国当代的性犯罪立法中还残留着许多男权主义的印记,具体表现为:受男主女从的文化影响,把强奸罪的实行主体限定为男子,受害人限定为女子;受生殖文化的影响,将强奸中性交的概念定义为男女生殖器的媾合;由于将强奸视为对男人权利的侵犯,因而对其引起的纠纷由国家垄断处理权.现行立法与社会现实存在着一定的矛盾,因此,立足中国现实,借鉴西方经验,改革我国现行的性犯罪立法是当务之急.     

Rape,burglary, and opportunity

Following on the recent development of opportunity theory in criminology, we apply an opportunity approach to rape. Although rape is commonly viewed as a street crime, a substantial proportion of rape occurs inside homes following an unlawful entry of the residence. Drawing on this observation, we argue that rape and burglary, because they share a common locus in the home, should exhibit similar opportunity structures. That is, characteristics that place particular types of homes and householders at greater risk of burglary should also place (female) residents at greater risk of rape. An analysis of UCR rates and censusderived opportunity variables for 155 SMSAs in 1980 supports this position. We conclude that home-intrusion rape (rape following an unlawful entry of the home) is a violent crime with the opportunity structure of a property crime.