英国法上实体正当期待的司法审查——立足于考夫兰案的考察

英国法上实体正当期待的司法审查在1999年的考夫兰案之后有了重大发展。该案正式确立了行政法上的实体正当期待原则,阐明了法院对正当期待的三种审查基准:威斯布雷(Wednes-bury)不合理基准、程序正义基准和权力滥用基准。在实体正当期待的司法审查上,突破了传统审查行政合理性问题的威斯布雷标准的限制,迈向更为严格的审查强度。同时该案也引发了许多有待进一步讨论的关于实体正当期待的审查技术问题。     

司法审查的迷雾--马伯里诉麦迪逊案的政治哲学意涵

美国法律传统最重要的特色之一是确立了司法机关作为宪法最终解释者的司法主权原则,而1804年的马伯里诉麦迪逊案则因为最早确立了司法审查原则而成为这一传统的象征。在该案中,最高法院大法官马歇尔充分运用其高超的政治智慧和精湛的法律技艺,将政治斗争转化为法律原则的斗争,以政治上法官任命的失败为代价赢得了司法审查原则确立的胜利。在此后的一个多世纪中,纠结于人民主权与司法独立、代议民主与持久价值、大众激情与审慎理性等多项宪政议题,该案被不断地解释和再解释,最后完成了从司法审查原则到司法主权原则的提升,确立了美国特色的、司法至上的法律传统。而对这一过程的解读与梳理,有助于祛除法律神话中的迷雾,增进法律科学智识的理性与自主。     

Judicial Politics on the Ground

This symposium focuses on judicial politics at the micro level. Its aim is to shed light on justice in action, drawing on an ethnographic approach to explore the routine decision‐making practices of judges and other legal actors, and to study their interactions with citizens and politicians. Each article is based on close observation of the interactions between legal professionals and administrative actors who are at the frontline in local and lower courts. By examining a variety of jurisdictions around the globe, the articles in this symposium offer fresh insight into “judicial politics on the ground.”     

Judicial Activism in Perilous Times: The Turkish Case

Under what circumstances do courts act in ways that challenge the political hegemony of the military in countries with weak democratic institutions? This article addresses this question by focusing on a critical case of judicial activism in Turkey. It argues that lower courts unexpectedly can be centers of judicial activism that contributes to expansion of civil liberties and restrictions on arbitrary state power when the high judiciary supports the political status quo. This is because lower courts provide greater access to legal mobilization pursued by civil society actors. At the same time, judicial activism in lower courts is sustainable only when political power is distributed among elites with conflicting interests, and the civilian government offers support and protection to activist members of the judiciary.     

The Theoretical Controversy Concerning Judicial Review

Book reviewed in this article:
Christopher Forsyth (ed), Judicial Review and the Constitution     

弱司法审查体制必要性之证成

作为一种新型权利保障模式,英联邦国家建立的弱司法审查体制引起了比较宪法学界的广泛关注,该体制的必要性成为一项核心议题,主要内容是如何理解新模式下法院与议会的关系。对话理论问世以后,迅速成为回答该问题的统治性范式。它涵盖了法院和议会互动的各个环节,对司法实践产生了深刻影响。在后续发展中,原本重在描述弱司法审查体制的对话理论逐渐出现了规范性转向,开始针对议会和法院如何行使权力提出指导意见。但是,对话理论没有充分论证弱司法审查体制的独特性,也没有阐释该体制的价值内涵,其规范性转向因而遭到批判,需要予以补充和完善。经过重构的对话理论包括三个层次,分别论证弱司法审查体制何以可能、为何可欲以及如何可行,从而兼具解释性与建构性。尽管如此,新的对话理论仍有发展空间,需要在与实践的互动中进行调整和更新。     

Judicial Review Without Rights: Some Problems for the Democratic Legitimacy of Structural Judicial Review

This article addresses an issue overlooked in most of the literatureon judicial review: the legitimacy of judicial review of a constitution'sfederal and structural provisions. Debates about the legitimacyof judicial review—at least as conducted throughout theCommonwealth—are usually focussed on rights. These debatesappear to assume that the power of courts like the AustralianHigh Court and the Canadian Supreme Court to interpret and enforcefederal and structural provisions is unproblematic. This articletests that assumption and concludes that those who hold democracy-basedobjections to constitutional rights should seriously reconsider,and perhaps oppose, federal and structural judicial review aswell.     

Oversight of Administrative Rulemaking: Judicial Review

The role of the courts in the review of administrative rulemaking raises profound questions as to the legitimate interference of courts in the exercise of administrative activities, which are often carried out in the pursuance of a legislative mandate. In contrast to the review of administrative acts of individual application, the Union courts have shown a more hesitant approach in the review of administrative rulemaking activities. This contribution will discuss the review by the Union courts of administrative rulemaking for compliance with procedural as well as substantive standards and will explore whether a convincing rationale for their more deferential attitude to the review of administrative rules can be provided. The article will explore to what extent lessons can be learned from the jurisprudence of the federal courts in the USA, which have struggled, even after the adoption of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), with similar problems.     

从一起撤销仲裁裁决案看我国司法监督的范围

在仲裁司法监督范围这一问题上,理论界一向有争议。通过对东莞市中级人民法院一起裁定驳回申请撤销仲裁裁决案例的分析,可以看出,司法实践中,已经将程序问题作为司法对仲裁的主要监督范围,将司法审查范围限于程序性审查有助于保障仲裁的独立性和自治性。因此,删除现行法律关于仲裁实体审查的规定,既符合国际惯例,也有助于促进我国仲裁事业的发展。     

特别权力关系与司法审查

特别权力关系是社会生活中客观存在的一个领域,它与一般法律相比有自己的特殊性,突出表现在它与司法审查的关系上。特别权力关系理论对司法审查采取了一般性的排斥态度,凸现其局限性。随民主、法治、宪政潮流之进展,司法审查适度介入传统特别权力关系领域已成为一种必然趋势。为此,既与法治潮流相适应,又吸取特别权力关系理论科学成分的"重要性"理论是值得借鉴的。作为司法审查介入的应对,我国在引进和完善"重要性"理论的同时,应当明确赋予学校等事业单位行政主体资格,加大内部管理规则的审查力度,在行政法上率先确立判例制度。     

Language, Culture, and Behavior in Prison: The Israeli Case

The current study describes the everyday life of Israeli prisoners and analyzes the actions they perform and the language they use as a reflection of their constraints, distresses, worldviews, beliefs, and attitudes. Data were subjected to a content analysis, and the salience of the values, norms and argot terms were assessed using two measures, attention and intensity. The inmates’ values and norms and the argot expressions were divided into categories with reference to different aspects of prison experience: prisoners’ adherence to the code, inmates’ interpersonal loyalty, sexual behavior in prison, drugs, violence and miscellaneous.