Burundi’s rebel groups and the stigmatisation of wartime sexual violence

ABSTRACT

Despite assumptions about the ubiquity of wartime sexual violence, some armed actors work hard to generate negative views of rape and other abuses. This article qualitatively explores rebel group stigmatisation (and stigma) of wartime sexual violence and prohibitive normative practices. Regularly discussed with reference to the shaming of victims or survivors, stigmatisation is nonetheless utilised here as a concept for understanding how sexual coercion is “made” deviant and consequential for potential perpetrators. Two rebel groups from Burundi’s civil war (1994–2008), CNDD-FDD (National Council for the Defence of Democracy-Forces for the Defence of Democracy) and FNL (Palipehutu-Forces for National Liberation), are compared. The FNL stigmatised rape and sexual assault, and the nature and quality of its practices shaped negative social norms surrounding rape. The article’s main contribution is to demonstrate the need to deepen and widen the evidence base on the prevention of wartime sexual violence.     

论强奸罪的立法完善

随着性主体和性行为方式的多样化,强迫性交犯罪呈现出种种新现象。现有关于强奸罪的规定已不适应形势的发展,如强奸罪主体较狭窄,应该把女性主体和丈夫主体予以明确规定。同时,犯罪对象应该包括男性,客体为他人不可侵犯的性权利。客观方面,性交方式应将口交、肛交等包括进去;欺骗性交也可构成强奸。此外,适度降低强奸罪基本罪的法定刑,适当增加其量刑单位,并对加重情节予以完善。     

广安市农村老年人性犯罪的调查

当前,老年人性犯罪是在我国农村地区存在的一种性质恶劣、影响极大的犯罪现象。在调查四川省广安市农村比较突出的老年人性犯罪这一社会现象的基础上,我们发现农村老年人性犯罪并不是偶然产生的,它是受多种因素影响的结果。从表面上看,老年人实施性犯罪是为了满足其性欲,而在实质上,老年人更多是想通过这种犯罪释放他们的"畸形"心理需求,以引起政府、社会、家庭等对他们的重视和关注。对老年人性犯罪的对策应当重在预防,而非打击。     

大鼠死后骨骼肌FTIR光谱变化与死亡时间的关系

目的应用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析大鼠死后骨骼肌随死亡时间推移的化学降解过程,为死亡时间推断提供新的研究方法。方法大鼠断颈处死后置于(20±2)℃环境,不同的死亡时间点提取大鼠大腿骨骼肌组织,并运用FTIR光谱仪测定不同化学基团随死亡时间的变化。结果随着死亡时间的推移,大鼠骨骼肌组织不同吸收峰的峰强随着死亡时间增加呈现出四种不同的变化方式:增加、下降、稳定、波动,且不同峰强比显示了相似的时间变化趋势。结论FTIR光谱分析技术有望成为法医实践中推断死亡时间的新方法。     

大鼠脑干损伤后星形胶质细胞免疫组化改变的实验研究

52只Wistar大白鼠针刺致脑干机械性损伤，LSAB法显示胶质原纤维酸性蛋白阳性（GFAP+）星形胶质细胞和波形蛋白阳性（VIM+）星形胶质细胞改变。结果发现，脑干损伤15分钟组GFAP+星形胶质细胞出现肿胀；1～3小时组中脑腹侧等处细胞数目增多，6小时组细胞数目明显减少，24～48小时组恢复正常水平，1～6小时组细胞轻度肥大，染色稍强；24～96小时组创周GFAP+星形胶质细胞数目明显增多，中度肥大，染色明显增强；10～15天组细胞数目、肥大和染色强度达高峰。正常对照组大鼠脑干除脑桥腹侧近脚间窝处外，其余部位无VIM+星形胶质细胞；脑干损伤48小时组创周出现VIM+星形胶质细胞，96小时组细胞数目、染色强度和肥大程度达高峰，10～15天组下降，胞突弯曲变细。死后脑干损伤组GFAP+星形胶质细胞无改变，创缘及创周无VIM+星形胶质细胞出现。研究表明，星形胶质细胞可作为推断脑干损伤的客观指标。     

Simulated approach to estimate the number and combination of known/unknown contributors in mixed DNA samples using 15 short tandem repeat loci

The calculation of likelihood ratios (LRs) for DNA mixture analysis is necessary to establish an appropriate hypothesis based on the estimated number of contributors and known contributor genotypes. In this paper, we recommend a relevant analytical method from the 15 short tandem repeat typing system (the Identifiler multiplex), which is used as a standard in Japanese forensic practice and incorporates a flowchart that facilitates hypothesis formulation. We postulate that: (1) all detected alleles need to be above the analytical threshold (e.g., 150 relative fluorescence unit (RFU)); (2) alleles of all known contributors should be detected in the mixture profile; (3) there should be no contribution from close relatives. Furthermore, we deduce that mixtures of four or more persons should not be interpreted by Identifiler as the LR values of 100,000 simulated cases have a lower expectation of exceeding our temporal LR threshold (10,000) which strongly supports the prosecution hypothesis. We validated the method using various computer-based simulations. The estimated number of contributors is most likely equal to the actual number if all alleles detected in the mixture can be assigned to those from the known contributors. By contrast, if an unknown contributor(s) needs to be designated, LRs should be calculated from both two-person and three-person contributions. We also consider some cases in which the unknown contributor(s) is genetically related to the known contributor(s).     

错配引物诱导酶切技术检测GC多态性

目的探讨建立检测GC点突变rs7041的引物错配诱导酶切技术（mismatch primer-induced RFLP,MPIR）及应用价值。方法针对GC基因点突变（NCBI Reference SNP ID：rs7401）,设计错配引物进行PCR扩增,引物错配碱基结合GC点突变诱导XhoI酶切,产生GC-rs7041片断长度多态性,并调查183例温州汉族无关群体GC-rs7401多态性。结果引物错配诱导酶切技术对GC-rs7041亚型的3种基因型分型明确。温州地区汉族人群GC-rs7041 T/G基因频率分别为0.787和0.213,基因型频率分别为T/T0.685、T/G 0.284和G/G 0.071,Ho（0.284）、He（0.337）、PIC（0.279）、DP（0.502）、PE（0.140）,基因型分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。结论成功建立引物错配诱导酶切技术检测GC-rs7041单核苷酸多态性,该位点多态性有实际应用价值。     

Constructing a surveillance impact assessment

This paper describes surveillance impact assessment (SIA), a methodology for identifying, assessing and resolving risks, in consultation with stakeholders, posed by the development of surveillance systems. This paper appears to be the first such to elaborate an SIA methodology. It argues that the process of conducting an SIA should be similar to that of a privacy impact assessment (PIA), but that an SIA must take account of a wider range of issues, impacts and stakeholders. The paper categorises the issues and impacts to be considered in the conduct of an SIA and identifies the benefits of a properly conducted SIA.     

春季尸体腹腔腐败气压在法医学死亡时间推断中的应用研究

目的 研究尸体腹腔腐败气压在春季的发展变化规律及其用于推断死后经过时间的方法。方法用实验动物山羊57只,分陆地处死和水中溺死两大组,用自行研制的“腐败气压测定仪”,定时系统测量动物尸体腹腔内的腐败气压。结果 得出尸体腹腔内腐败气压的发展变化规律,并据此建立测量腹腔腐败气压推断死后经过时间的方法。研究了数种死亡方式、尸体所处环境和个体差异等的影响。结论 该研究成果填补了法医学中尸体腐败气压发展变化规律研究、检测腐败气压推算死后经过时间和腐败气压测定仪等的多项空白,丰富了该领域的法医学内容。     

‘It’s deemed unmanly’: men’s experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV)

This study investigated male victims’ experiences of female-perpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV). Seven participants were interviewed and the data were analysed using Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Four essential themes were revealed. (1) Participants identified themselves as victims of abuse (experiencing physical and multiple forms of abuse). (2) They felt they were victims of controlling abuse (through the use of children and isolation). (3) Respondents experienced manipulation through gendered stereotypes of abuse. (4) They felt it was different because they were men. The participants within this study were often deeply affected by the abuse they had experienced. Previous research has found male abusers use societal structures and norms to enable their abuse. The participants in this study felt that their female abusers were equally adept doing this, although the mechanisms were different. Further research should look at the processes by which abusers of either gender control and abuse their victims.     

诉讼保险制度再探

诉讼保险制度是发达国家普遍采用的保障中产阶级接近正义,提高整个法治品质的社会制度装置。对于处在社会转型期的我国而言,有必要引入诉讼保险制度,以解决经济能力处于社会中等水平阶层的“维权难”问题。     

In Her Own Voice: Presentations on Women,Crime, and Criminal Justice at American Society of Criminology Meetings From 1999–2008

We conducted a content analysis of presentations on women, crime, and criminal justice at the annual meetings of the American Society of Criminology from 1999 through 2008 to determine not only the range of topics that were presented on women and crime but also who made the presentations. By focusing on presentations of research on women, crime, and criminal justice, we attempt to determine whether these areas are more or less likely to be recognized, explored, and discussed. Findings suggest that (a) the issues of women, crime, and criminal justice were included in 16.13 percent of American Society of Criminology conference presentations during the period of study, and the annual percentage of presentations on these topic areas has remained constant; (b) although there is a wide array of topics in the presentations on women and crime, the most frequently addressed topics and rarely addressed topics are constant over the years; and (c) presentations on and about gender issues have been conducted primarily by female scholars.     

试论美国纽约市法庭科学工作

纽约市是美国第一大城市,人口众多,经济发达,其法庭科学在国际上也享有声望。纽约市法庭科学部门主要分布在警察局(NYPD)和法医局(OCME)两大机构,警察系统的法庭科学机构主要负责毒品、微量物证、指纹、痕迹、枪弹及文件检验,法医局则进行DNA、毒化、法医病理、法医人类学方面的检验。本文首先介绍美国的警察制度及纽约市警察局概况,然后分别从警察局和法医局两个部门对纽约市法庭科学的部门隶属、部门设置与工作职能情况进行介绍。     

股骨颈骨折与原发骨质疏松鉴定探讨(附43例分析)

股骨颈骨折常见于老年，系因老年人原发性骨质疏松症（POP），发病率高，本文43例股骨颈骨折鉴定中，确认POP者23例，占53．4％。目前认为POP伴发骨折为病理性骨折，其与外力有一定关系。参照动量守恒定律，若将外力以冲量（S）表示，则S=mv。因骨强度的80％是由骨密度（BMD）决定的，有的学者提出POP股骨颈骨折与外力关系，可以BMD／S比值表示，该比值的骨折危险值为0．251±0．043。鉴于BMD测量设备限制，笔者推荐了POP综合量分法，并对股骨颈骨折和外力关系的量分值以百分值表示。     

国际海事仲裁员大会第十七届会议综述

第十七届国际海事仲裁员大会共确定五个主要议题：一是世界范围内仲裁的最新发展;二是仲裁程序中存在的若干重要问题;三是提单/租约等运输合同争议;四是海事技术问题;五是近年来出现的航运热点问题。