Traffic Management Rules for Space Operations

This article is based on the report on the status of work of the Study Group on Space Traffic Management, International Academy of Astronautics; in particular it describes the approach and the scope of the study as well as its preliminary findings. The study group intends to finalize its work in late 2004, in order to be able to put the study before the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) and launch its review process after the 2004 International Astronautical Congress. Following this review, the study will be published and is expected to make an impact in different international forums dealing with the exploration and use of outer space.     

The International Institutionalization of Sport Ethics

The institutionalization of sport ethics was kept on the fringes where sports organizations were concerned until the 60’s when it became an important issue and a powerful tool for international sport leadership. Initiated by the French and the International Council of Sport and Physical Education, an organization linked to United Nations for education, science and culture (UNESCO), the International Fair Play Committee (IFPC), created on September 7, 1963, initially kept on the sidelines by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) under the presidency of Avery Brundage. With the election of Lord Killanin then of Juan Antonio Samaranch, new relations spawned between the IOC and UNESCO by way of the IFPC. In 1988, Fair play and more generally sporting education became an integral part of the Olympic ideal, accepted by intergovernmental organizations.     

International political marketing: a case study of its application in China

• The practice of International Political Marketing can be seen increasingly in the foreign relations of independent states. A review of relevant Political Marketing and International Relations publications reveals close linkage between the two. Based on the review, this paper categorizes political marketing into three aspects: the election aspect, the governing aspect (permanent campaign) and the international aspect of political marketing. The focus of this study is on international political marketing which was defined based on the review. This paper then reports a case study of the utilization of International Political Marketing by the government of the People's Republic of China. It looks at the recent events of China's accession of the WTO in 2001, China's hosting of Sino‐African Summit in 2006 and the on going promotion of China's image of ‘Peaceful Development and Cooperation’. The paper advances the argument that practically all nation states and international organizations apply International Political Marketing to both their strategic planning as well as conduct of day‐to‐day affairs. The paper concludes that there is a great demand both at a theoretical as well as practical level for International Political Marketing, requiring further study.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Moral choice and dialectic failure

Robert J. Myers is President of the Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs, a not-for-profit educational organization based in new York City. He is author of The Political Economy of the International Monetary Fund (published by Transaction).     

Book Reviews

Book reviews in this article:
Richard J. Arneson (ed.), Liberalism
Jyrki Käkönen (ed.), Perspectives on Environmental Conflict and International Politics
Ian H. Rowlands and Malory Greene (eds), Global Environmental Change and International Relations
W. W. Bartley III and Stephen Kresge (eds), The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, Volume III. The Trend of Economic Thinking: Essays on Political Economists and Economic History
James DeFronzo, Revolutions and Revolutionary Movements
Jack A. Goldstone, Ted Robert Gurr and Farrokh Moshiri (eds), Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century
Guy Sorman, The Unborn Revolution
David Fischer, Stopping the Spread of Nuclear Weapons: the Past and the Prospects
Carlo Schaerf and David Carlton (eds), Reducing Nuclear Arsenals
Robin Jeffrey, Politics, Women and Well-Being: How Kerala Became 'A Model'
Richard W. Franke and Barbara H. Chasin, Kerala: Radical Reform as Development in an Indian State
Bill Jones and Lynton Robins (eds), Two Decades in British Politics: Essays to Mark Twenty-one Years of the Politics Association
Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel (eds), Traditions of International Ethics     

International Relations Theory and International Distributive Justice1

International Relations theory emerged in the 1930s with the triumph of realism over utopianism, a triumph that created a discourse that has been unable to make a substantial contribution to the literature on international distributive justice which has burgeoned since the mid-1970's. The emergence of neorealist and neoliberal International Relations theory in the 1970's and 1980's made little difference; However, this consensus is now crumbling and a new body of International Relations theory, focusing on bounded communities and the ethics of inclusion and exclusion is emerging. This new work is more in tune with the concerns of political theory - although major differences remain.     

Editorial Note

This is my first venture in helping to edit a journal, whichis a new area for me since my experience is mainly in the areaof judicial adjudication. I agreed to become involved not onlybecause the theme of this issue, namely, ‘Gender and TransitionalJustice’ is of particular relevance to international justicetoday, but also because the advent of the International CriminalCourt (ICC) has opened up new possibilities for the ventilationof alternative aspects of justice for victimised communitiesand experts working in the field. Over the course of the last13 years, as a judge on the International Criminal Tribunalfor Rwanda (ICTR) and now the ICC, I learned to listen to differentvoices, both within     

Global Regulation and Institutional Change in European Governance

The literature on institutional innovation in European governance has been dominated by an inward-looking focus on the European integration process. However, in the context of a highly integrated and interdependent world, it is not possible to understand the evolution of European governance without taking into account developments in the international institutional environment. This article aims to contribute to the study of the interaction between global and European modes of governance by examining the impact of EU's engagement with the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), and its predecessor the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) on the institutions of European accounting regulation. Following an analysis of the politics of international accounting harmonisation, it is demonstrated that EU's decisions to adopt the standards produced by the IASB, and to establish a new, differentiated European accounting regulatory mechanism, were driven by its desire to bolster European influence in the context of the IASC/IASB.     

From Stockholm to Leiden: the CIA's role in the formation of the International Student Conference

This study contributes to the growing knowledge of CIA covert operations among non-governmental organizations during the Cold War by examining the formation of the International Student Conference (1950) and the creation of its Coordinating Secretariat (COSEC). The ISC objectives were global in scope — to organize the world's national student unions into a network that could deny the pro-Soviet International Union of Students its claim to represent the world student population. The CIA's reach depended heavily on the US National Student Association, which provided both a rationale for funding flows from the United States, and a steady stream of personnel. The structure of the relationship was complex and cumbersome, since the CIA had to work secretly through two organizations (NSA and ISC) whose legitimacy rested on democratic processes. This complexity suggests that issues of power and control require a more nuanced formulation than is usually presented in much Cold War political research.     

Rape and Sexual Violence as Torture and Genocide in the Decisions of International Tribunals: Transjudicial Networks and the Development of International Criminal Law

International criminal tribunals established by the UN Security Council in the 1990s have been widely acclaimed as active participants in the modern system of dynamic criminal justice. One of their best known achievements is the prosecution of rape and sexual assaults. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) set an example for other tribunals to follow. By interpreting a variety of international laws, the community of international legal professionals has been able to shift the prevailing understanding of rape and sexual violence away from that of an “unfortunate byproducts of war.” Not only has the epistemic community of legal professionals been able to end impunity for these crimes, but case-law of international tribunals has become a basis for subsequent trials at quasi-international tribunals. Decisions of the tribunals have been instrumental in drafting the Statute of the International Criminal Court and can be regarded as an example of the formation of new international norms by means of judicial decisions.     

后危机时代河南省高等教育境外消费服务贸易的现状与对策

作为国际高等教育服务贸易的最主要形式,后危机时代,国际高等教育境外消费服务贸易(留学生教育)保持持续增长,竞争愈加激烈,中国高等教育国际竞争力、境外消费出口吸引力日益增强。调查了河南省2008年以来的高等教育境外消费服务贸易发展情况,分析了存在的问题。在此基础上,提出转变观念,政府主导,加快制定完备政策措施,高校参与,培育特色等对策建议。     

Norms and Human Rights in International Relations

The three volumes on human rights reviewed here constitute the first wave of in-depth case studies of human rights from a constructivist approach in international relations. By acknowledging the theoretical contributions of these works, identifying their shortcomings and engaging in critiques of the authors' conceptions of identity and norms, this article provides direction for future studies on human rights through the constructivist framework.
Foot, R. (2000) Rights Beyond Borders: The Global Community and the Struggle Over Human Rights in China . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Risse, T., Ropp, S. C. and Sikkink, K. (eds) (1999) The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Thomas, D. C. (2001) The Helsinki Effect: International Norms, Human Rights, and the Demise of Communism . Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.     

The report of The International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur: The question of genocide

The crisis in Darfur (Sudan), which sparked in February 2003, only caught the United Nations’ attention in Spring 2004. Questions emerged as to whether the conflict between the rebels and the government was simply insurgency warfare or, in fact, concealed a genocide carried out by the Arab, Muslim-led government against the Animist and Christian-African population. The issue became so divisive that the Security Council requested the creation of an investigation team, the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, which amongst other tasks had to examine whether genocide had taken place. This article analyzes the facts as well as the legal reasoning that guided the International Commission of Inquiry in drawing the conclusion that a governmental policy to commit genocide had not been formed.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics by Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink. Domestic Society and International Cooperation: The Impact of Protest on US Arms Control Policy by Jeffrey Knopf.     

AIR WARS: REGULATION AND DEREGULATION IN THE INTERNATIONAL AIR PASSENGER MARKET

International civil aviation is governed by a cartel that dissipates its monopoly profits in surplus capacity. Based on the 1946 Bermuda agreement and the International Air Transport Association, the cartel imposes heavy costs on U.S. consumers and air travellers in general. The Carter administration attempted to make international aviation more competitive, but this progress was substantially reversed under Reagan. A new policy should be based on treating air travel the same as any other commodity and therefore subject to U.S. antidumping and antitrust laws. The goal of the policy should be to shift the cost of maintaining inefficient national flag carriers from the international community back on to the taxpayers of those countries.     

The chameleon of mens rea and the shifting guises of culture-specific genocidal intent in international criminal proceedings

This article examines the significance of the mens rea-related evidence present in the specific language and discourse identified in the records of the International Military Tribunal, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The author argues that international proceedings have seen the emergence of a new type of evidence: a cognitive, linguistic, culturally determined plural of genocidal mens rea. As a result, the mental element of genocidal intent can neither be interpreted nor understood without an advanced forensic approach to the language used by the network of génocidaires. Based on a combination of cognitive and social science research with the humanities, the article applies a hybrid method of analysis to some of the genocide cases in international criminal justice and demonstrates how and why this approach ought to be introduced into the process of identification of the guilty minds of the architects of genocide.     

Reviews

Roger Moody, ed.: The Indigenous Voice: Visions and Realities. Zed Books, London and The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, Copenhagen, 1988.

Marcus Colchester: Pirates, Squatters and Poachers: The Political Ecology of Dispossession of Native Peoples of Sarawak. Survival International, London and Institute of Social Analysis, Selangor, Malaysia, 1988.

Maria Mies: Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labor, Zed Books, London 1986.     

Benchmarking tax systems

International institutions, such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the U.S. Agency for International Development, have been assessing tax system performance and capabilities for decades without having a solid international comparator basis for undertaking these assessments. This article provides a series of indicators and benchmarks that can help to put such assessments into an international perspective, set specific targets for performance, reform and modernisation, and monitor progress over time. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ineffective fiscal rules? The effect of public sector accounting standards on budgets,efficiency, and accountability

Public Choice - International organizations have encouraged national governments to switch from traditional cash-based to business-like accrual accounting, on the presumption that long-run benefits...