对强奸罪中轮奸、共犯既未遂问题的思考

目前刑法理论界对于强奸罪中轮奸的成立要件及其是否存在着既遂、未遂问题的观点不一。笔者试图通过一个案例来引出自己的观点,即轮奸作为强奸罪的一种加重处罚的情形,其本身不是单独罪名,故不存在既、未遂的提法,而是应以其轮奸行为是否实际发生作为该款项成立的依据。同时,传统的刑法理论通说认为,共同犯罪中的犯罪完成形态只能是整体既遂或整体未遂,即既遂後不存在部分未遂或中止的可能。笔者认为,在特殊共同犯罪中,基于某种实行犯的行为的不可替代性,故仍应存在部分个体未遂或中止的可能,这是对普通共同犯罪中“部分行为全体负责”这一原则的必要例外与补充。     

Reconstructing and sequencing behaviours in multiple perpetrator rape

Abstract

Much of the existing knowledge base of multiple perpetrator rape (MPR) comes from studies undertaken more than 20 years ago, and thus fails to integrate contemporary perspectives on sexual violence. The current study used Grounded Theory methodology to construct a holistic model of MPR from 15 victim accounts. The model of multiple perpetrator rape (MMPR) included both the actions of the perpetrators and the reactions of the victim in a temporal sequence of 13 categories, 9 of which had sub-categories that allowed for individual differences. Broad themes of MPR were then explored using a total of 101 cases. Each case was coded in the 9 sub-categories where individual differences were allowed from the model. An associative analysis of these sub-categories was then performed using Smallest Space Analysis. Two dominant themes were displayed. The Manipulate theme included two perpetrators who offended sequentially and socialised with the victim. The Force theme did not involve any social interaction, as the force and teamwork of the group enabled the victim to be physically overpowered.     

双层区分制下正犯与共犯的区分

世界各国刑法关于共犯体系的立法存在着“单一制”与“区分制”两大类型。中国刑法中的共犯体系在解释论上可归结为区分制,如何区分正犯与共犯亦是中国共犯理论必须回答的问题。在德、日刑法中,正犯与共犯的区分具有同时解决参与人的定罪和量刑的双重功能。在此种单层区分制下,重视参与人在不法事实实现过程中的实质支配力或作用大小的犯罪事实支配理论、重要作用说有其论理上的妥当性。中国刑法对参与人同时采用了分工和作用两种并存不悖、功能各异的分类标准。分工分类标准下的正犯与共犯旨在解决参与人的定性及其间的关系问题,而不直接决定和评价参与人的刑罚轻重,承载量刑功能的是作用分类标准下的主犯和从犯。在这种双层区分制立法模式下,正犯与共犯的界分宜采以构成要件为轴心的实行行为说。     

Racial and Ethnic Heterogeneity,Economic Disadvantage,and Gangs: A Macro‐Level Study of Gang Membership in Urban America

There is a lack of macro‐level gang research. The present study addresses this shortcoming by providing a theoretically informed analysis of gang membership in large US cities. More specifically, our goal is to determine whether racial and ethnic heterogeneity conditions the relationship between economic disadvantage and gang membership. Three separate sources of data are used in this study: U.S. Census 2000, Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Services 2000, and National Youth Gang Survey 2002–2006. A series of weighted least‐squares regression models are estimated, finding that both economic disadvantage and racial and ethnic heterogeneity exhibit independent and additive effects on gang membership. In addition, the results show that racial and ethnic heterogeneity has a conditioning relationship with economic disadvantage. Furthermore, our expanded operationalization of the Blau heterogeneity measure indicates that prior research may have underestimated the effects of heterogeneity. The authors discuss these findings in the context of existing gang research and offer directions for future research.     

Safety demand and supply: An alternative to fear of crime

This review provides an opportunity to assess the current state of gang research and suggest directions for its future. There has been a dramatic increase in research on gangs, gang members, and gang behavior since the early 1990s, making this review especially timely. We use Short’s three-level framework of explanation to organize the findings of prior research, focusing on individual-, micro-, and macro-level research. Attention is focused on the findings of such research, but we also examine theoretical and methodological developments as well. Drawing from Short and life-course research, we introduce a cross-level temporal framework to guide future directions in gang research.     

群体性事件的界定及其多维分析

目前对群体性事件的含义还存在诸多不同的看法。群体性事件一词有一个由“群众闹事”、“聚众闹事”逐渐发展为“群体性治安事件”的过程。通过对几种代表性界定的研究和对群体性事件的多维分析,群体性事件是由人民内部矛盾引发的,由利益要求、观念主张相同或相近的群众形成群体,聚众以非法的形式或手段来主张合法权益表达意愿的,有较大社会危害性应依法妥善处置的事件。     

“机关”不宜规定为单位犯罪的主体

机关应否规定为单位犯罪的主体,在1996年修订《刑法》时即存在争论。我国1997年《刑法》第30条明文规定"机关"可以作为单位犯罪的主体,但争论并未因此而停止。通过对"机关应否规定为单位犯罪主体的争论"和"机关规定为单位犯罪主体的得失"的评析,可以看出将国家机关规定为单位犯罪的主体弊大于利,因而虽有规定,却没有执行,实际成为置而不用。据此,"机关"不宜规定为单位犯罪的主体,《刑法》第30条中的"机关"一词还是取消为好。     

探寻俗赋的流变遗踪——简论敦煌俗赋与后世文学

两汉以来的俗赋到唐五代时有了新的发展,出现了一批故事性强、语言浅显、亦庄亦谐、娱乐性的作品。这种俗赋虽因其封闭于敦煌藏经洞而不为人知,但作为一种传统文体却并未停滞不前,它仍随着时代的发展有了新的传承和应用。通过考察唐五代之后的俗赋对变文说唱、话本小说、杂剧戏曲、通俗类书等方面的流变影响,以此可探寻和揭示俗赋与后世文学的关系。     

“四川作家群”乡土小说的民俗学意蕴

20世纪30年代“四川作家群”乡土小说具有鲜明的民俗学价值取向。沙汀乡土作品的民俗学意蕴主要体现在人物的刻画和环境的营造方面；民俗学对艾芜的影响不仅表现在作家主体行为的选择上，而且对本的创作也存在明显的制导作用；李劼人的小说则呈现出非常突出的地方志倾向。他们的乡土小说创作对纠正“左翼”小说的概念化、公式化倾向起了很好的作用。     

Burundi’s rebel groups and the stigmatisation of wartime sexual violence

ABSTRACT

Despite assumptions about the ubiquity of wartime sexual violence, some armed actors work hard to generate negative views of rape and other abuses. This article qualitatively explores rebel group stigmatisation (and stigma) of wartime sexual violence and prohibitive normative practices. Regularly discussed with reference to the shaming of victims or survivors, stigmatisation is nonetheless utilised here as a concept for understanding how sexual coercion is “made” deviant and consequential for potential perpetrators. Two rebel groups from Burundi’s civil war (1994–2008), CNDD-FDD (National Council for the Defence of Democracy-Forces for the Defence of Democracy) and FNL (Palipehutu-Forces for National Liberation), are compared. The FNL stigmatised rape and sexual assault, and the nature and quality of its practices shaped negative social norms surrounding rape. The article’s main contribution is to demonstrate the need to deepen and widen the evidence base on the prevention of wartime sexual violence.     

从罪刑均衡到罪责刑相适应——兼论刑法中“人”的消隐与凸显

刑法理论发展史上,经由刑事古典学派与刑事实证学派的对立纷争,罪刑关系经历了从罪刑均衡到"人"刑对应的演绎脉络。我国当代刑法理论确定罪责刑相适应原则,藉由刑事责任论的建构和充实,较为完美地实现了罪刑关系范畴中行为考察和行为人评价的统一。梳理从罪刑均衡到罪责刑相适应的发展历程,可以看出,伴随刑法理论的发展,犯罪人逐渐实现从消隐到凸显的地位变迁。当代刑法学的发展方向,应是日益重视行为人主体地位的确立和人格特征的评价。以此为视角,我国刑法学应从理论上更加重视主观因素和行为人因素的植入,在实践中更加关注行为人人身危险性的评价和犯罪恶性的改造。     

合同条款初探--一个被遗忘问题的思考

什么是合同条款 ?目前 ,理论界没有对其作出解释与阐明 ,是一个还没有人涉足的研究领域。通过分析论证 ,揭示了合同条款的内涵、特征 ,论述了其框架结构、特殊形式和动、静态观点。     

Interviewing serious offenders: Ms. Egghead meets Mr. Gumshoe

Organised crime, due to its intricate nature, is a very challenging as well as less accessible research field. Although difficult to conduct a methodical research on this topic, organised crime, nevertheless, offers a unique opportunity to utilise an interdisciplinary research methodology. This paper describes (multiple) triangulation as an appropriate method for researching the role of culture in the advancement of ethnic Albanian organised crime groups in Europe. Triangulation, for the purpose of the described project, has been used to obtain confirmation of findings through convergence of different perspectives. Interviewing offenders is one of the research methods more thoroughly explained in this paper. The paper too explores some advantages of snowball technique used for interviewing less accessible research subjects. It also discusses various dilemmas, security-related or not, researchers are faced with when intending to interview serious offenders.

民初省议会失败原因概论

议会制度在中国的实验是一个重要的历史现象。省议会在中国的移植和实践未能取得成功,既有近代中国未能完成反 帝反封建任务的根本原因,也有未能处理好各种上下左右关系的操作层面的原因,十分复杂。