Party Cohesion in the Danish Parliament

This article formulates a comprehensive and systematic taxonomy of micro level explanations of party cohesion; party cohesion being understood as party group members acting in unity externally. This apparatus is used in an analysis of party cohesion in the final divisions in the Danish Parliament, where cohesion figures are among the highest in the liberal democratic world. The investigation is based on interviews, survey data and data on voting behaviour. The main explanations of the high level of cohesion are the absence of disagreement in the party groups and a moral commitment to the party. Variation among MPs, parties and topics is also documented and discussed. The cohesion of each party and the compliant behaviour of individual MPs are related to the importance MPs ascribe to representing their party. Furthermore, divisions on moral issues, EU integration and local matters show lower than normal degrees of cohesion.     

Reconsidering Styles of Regulatory Enforcement: Patterns in Danish Agro‐Environmental Inspection

This study addresses enforcement styles of regulatory inspectors, based on an examination of the municipal enforcement of agro‐environmental policies in Denmark. Our findings make three contributions to the regulatory literature. One contribution is to add empirical support for theorizing about inspectors' enforcement styles as consisting of multiple components, rather than a single continuum. We show that inspectors' enforcement styles comprise the degree of formalism and the degree of coercion that they exercise when carrying out inspections. A second contribution is in showing the relationship of different types of enforcement styles to the two underlying dimensions of the concept. A third contribution is an examination of the ways in which inspectors' enforcement styles relate to their enforcement actions. The consistency of our findings with those of other studies suggests that the dimensions and types of inspectors' enforcement styles that we observed in Denmark can be generalized to other settings.     

论商业秘密的道德维度

商业秘密与社会道德超乎寻常地联系在一起。商业秘密因其经济合理性和社会妥当性 ,具有内在的道德性价值依据 ,才为人所认同与尊重 ,进而成为一种财产权。商业秘密产权的划定涉及到多元化的利益关系 ,商业秘密在公共知识与私有知识、排他性与共享性、雇主与雇员知识权利的划分等问题上纳入了道德的考量标准 ,使相互冲突的利益得以中和。商业秘密的财产法保护具有较大的局限性 ,将其纳入反不正当竞争法的保护范围 ,旨在通过维护竞争中的道德底线 ,构筑权利维护的第二防线。     

Reconsidering the relationship between alcohol and lethal violence

Prior event-based research regarding the relationship between alcohol and violence suffers from important limitations, including the absence of a comparison group, an inappropriate comparison group, or a comparison group that could be considered appropriate but does not control for potential confounders. To overcome such limitations, we use a matched pair design. Drawing on interviews with men imprisoned for an aggravated assault or homicide committed in response to a conflict with another man, we examine matched pairs of violent and nonviolent conflicts nested within respondents. The results suggest that guns mediate the relationship between alcohol and lethal male-male violence.     

犯罪论体系的维度

犯罪论的事实判断是对外界客观行为的实然认识,价值评价是主体对客观事实的应然判断,两者应当是协调统一的。行为入罪具有客观规律性。犯罪论的事实判断包括客观事实判断与主观事实判断,具有普遍性与特殊性、恒定性与可变性。犯罪论的价值评价包括客观价值评价、主观价值评价和混合价值评价。行为入罪在价值评价上需要遵循目的有效性、手段有效性、司法有效性、效益均衡性和后果均衡性原则。大陆法系国家的犯罪论体系缺乏实质的混合价值评价要素;我国平面的犯罪论体系缺乏形式的混合价值评价要素。重构论不可行的理由是:作为其哲理根据的事实与价值二元论早已崩溃,作为其立论基础的德日阶层犯罪论体系在评判次序上并非先事实后价值。     

重新认识法律职业：律师与社会公益

经过20多年的恢复与重建，我国的律师事业获得了重大发展，各项制度得以确立并逐步走向完善，律师从业人数也初具规模，律师行业的整体素质也有了较大的提高。但是长久以来在中国，作为维护私权、旨在实现其所代理的客户利益的律师，似乎与社会公共利益之间并无关联且相去甚远。然而，这一现象究竟是法律职业的共性还是中国转型期的特性？律师与社会公共利益之间究竟有无联系？从国家与社会公益的视角看，究竟应当怎样看待法律职业？本文拟就这些问题，作初步的探讨。     

国际法的哲学之维

文章运用唯物辩证法 ,揭示了国际法的基本矛盾 ,即战争与和平的对立统一。在这对矛盾发展过程中 ,国际法的三维结构依次呈现 :国际秩序在思维行程中导致国际人权的生发 ;国际人权潜伏的危机激发国际法向自由个性阶段演进。文章最后论证了国际法与科学社会主义契合的可能。     

What the Hack: Reconsidering Responses to Hacking

Like most criminological research, much of the research on hacking has predominantly focused upon the Northern Metropolis. As a result, there is a lack of focus on cybercrime within the Global South, particularly on illegal intrusions into computer systems, more colloquially known as hacking. This article provides a critical overview of hacking in the Global South, highlighting the role of strain in this offending behaviour. In particular, the authors note the role of Australian, American, and Taiwanese immigration policies that act to block offenders’ transitions from illicit hacking to legitimate employment in technological hubs outside of the Global South. To address these blocked opportunities, this article suggests the use of innovative justice paradigms, particularly restorative justice and regulatory self-enforcement, that respond to innovation-based cybercrime while also facilitating offender movement into “white hat” employment, even in cases of technology-facilitated sexual violence.

     

Structure and control: Reconsidering Hirschi's concept of commitment

Hirschi's concept of commitment confuses the definition and the explanation of conformity, as part of a more general confusion between conformity and legality. The result is tautology—an explanation that merely restates a definition. Commitment is properly conceived as an antecedent variable that measures the role of social structure in the origin of delinquency. As such, it explains legal actions but not conforming actions.     

核心能力刚性的维度、机理与超越

核心能力和核心能力刚性是一个硬币的两面.从核心能力的来源来看,核心能力刚性存在着战略调整刚性、管理程序和惯例刚性、组织结构刚性和企业文化刚性等四个维度.它们的形成既有一般的机理,也有其自身特殊的机理.其形成机理的异质性决定了不同核心能力刚性的超越手段有很大差异,需要组织的管理者针对不同的核心能力刚性采取相应的措施和手段.     

对《民法通则》中民事能力制度的反思

民事权利能力作为民事主体法律地位的确立标志,是民法对民事主体在现实生活中的作用、价值的确认。民法不应将民事权利能力区分为一般权利能力和特殊权利能力,而应树立民事主体权利能力一律平等的观念。民事行为能力是民事法律行为发生私法上效力的前提条件,而民事责任能力是行为人承担其违法行为和适法有责行为所引起责任的必要前提,但二者在判断标准上有抽象与具体之分,体现着不同的价值理念。总体上,有完全行为能力的人一般有责任能力,而无行为能力人、限制行为能力人并非无责任能力。据此分析,本文对完善《民法通则》民事能力制度提出了若干建议。     

Protecting the Public Policy Rationale of Copyright: Reconsidering Copyright Misuse

Copyright misuse protects a defendant's use of copyrighted material when the plaintiff has claimed a right in his work beyond the scope of copyright law and when such a claim is contrary to public policy. Historically, as this article demonstrates, courts have been reluctant to find in favor of defendants who claim copyright misuse and have interpreted the doctrine narrowly on the basis of antitrust considerations. However, more recent decisions and a growing body of literature suggest a greater role for copyright misuse. This article argues for such an expanded role and proposes a new section of copyright law titled "Limitations on Infringement: Copyright Misuse."     

Revisiting Delinquent Attitudes: Measurement,Dimensionality and Behavioral Effects

Objective

This study examines whether single-item attitude measures commonly used in research adequately capture adolescent attitudes towards specific delinquent behaviors. It also explores whether delinquent attitudes form a unidimensional or multidimensional construct. Finally, this study tests Ajzen and Fishbein’s principle of compatibility to determine if delinquent attitudes have a behavior-specific and a situation-specific effect on behavior.

Methods

Data from a sample of 223 high school students in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and from the Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT) evaluation are used. The means and correlations between single-item global attitude items are compared to situation-specific measures. Exploratory factor analysis is conducted to examine dimensionality, and logit regressions are used to predict the willingness to offend in the PNW and self-reported offending in the GREAT.

Results

The findings indicate that: (1) global attitude measures underestimate the degree of approval of delinquency and are not strongly correlated with situation-specific attitudes; (2) delinquent attitudes form a multidimensional construct that coalesce around crime-types; (3) there is some evidence that attitudes towards specific crimes have crime-specific effects on behavior, and; (4) situation-specific attitudes predict the willingness to offend in a specific situation above and beyond one’s overall approval of that behavior.

Conclusions

Attitudes towards fighting and theft are too complex to be captured by single-item measures. The findings also support the principle of compatibility which suggests that attitudes may be well-suited to explain why individual engage in specific types of crimes in specific situations. Other implications and limitations are discussed.

     

被害人诉讼当事人地位探析

因被害人与案件结局有实体上的直接利害关系,案件结局涉及被害人利益的维护,所以赋予被害人当事人地位是合理的.既然被害人与案件有直接利害关系,那么若让其被动地接受别人为其安排的诉讼结局,而其对自身利益的维护无能为力,则其主体地位就会受到贬损,这不符合程序公正的基本要求.因而,必须使被害人作为诉讼主体充分、有效的参与诉讼.而在诉讼的各角色中,只有当事人地位有此功能,所以赋予被害人当事人地位是必要的.这一合理性与必要性便构成了赋予被害人当事人地位的理论基础.