论建构我国刑事和解制度的法理基础——兼论刑事和解制度的基本框定

我国刑事和解制度阙失的根本成因在于对其法理基础的不自信，本质是被害人在刑事诉讼过程中的缺位、边缘化和失语。刑事和解制度的建立和完善是我国刑事司法制度实现由国家主义向民本主义转型的必然要求，是重估和校正传统的刑罚功能判定的必然结论，是凸显刑罚促进社会和谐价值的必然举措。适用于特定刑事案件的刑事和解制度的建构及其运作，应当遵循促进当事人和解、尊重当事人意思自治、坚持司法机关主导的基本原则，并对达成刑事和解协议的加害人实行轻缓化的刑罚处遇。     

《监察法》实施中的证据衔接问题

从证据与程序的关系看,证据不仅需要与待证事实有关联,还是一种法律程序产品,是一系列法律行为后产生的某种结果。不同法律程序在程序目的、程序性质、程序保障、程序严格性等方面存在不同,上述差异影响和塑造了不同性质的证据,进而产生了证据衔接的问题。《监察法》构建了一个独立的法律程序,对公职人员职务违法、职务犯罪行为的调查适用《监察法》及相关规定,监察证据与刑事证据也面临着衔接的问题。监察调查程序与刑事侦查程序相比,在规范密度、权力行使、程序保障等方面存在一定差异。在当前的立法框架下,要求监察机关在收集、固定证据时参照刑事诉讼法的相关规定,有助于优化监察调查的程序环境,为监察证据与刑事证据有效衔接提供正当性。     

Report on the 2003 revision of the U.S. Standard Certificate of Death.

The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) is responsible for publishing Standard Certificates of Birth and Death for the United States of America. The standard certificates are revised roughly every 10 years. The revision process is designed to ensure that the standard certificates meet, as nearly as possible, the use for which they are intended at all levels: individual, local, state, and federal. The authors report on the most recent revision of the U.S. Standard Certificate of Death, recording the process and the role of the National Association of Medical Examiners in the process. Changes recommended during revision include requesting known aliases of a decedent and rearrangement of the certificate to provide more room for those items requesting dates and for describing how the injury occurred. New items have been added asking for information regarding traffic fatalities, the role of tobacco use in causing death, and whether female decedents were pregnant. Once approved by the Department of Health and Human Services, the new standard certificate will be made available to the states. Each state will have 2 years to adapt the U.S. Standard Certificate of Death to its use and to implement new state death certificates on January 1, 2003.     

建国初期司法改革运动述评

建国初期的司法改革运动是新中国法制建设史上的重大事件。开展此次运动是当时巩固人民政权、实行人民民主专政、维护革命秩序的要求,成绩很大。但是由于对旧法观点包括西方资本主义国家的法律思想未能采取实事求是的态度而予以全盘否定,对新中国后来的法制建设和法学发展产生了不可低估的负面影响。回顾、总结此次运动的经验和教训,正确处理法律的阶级性与普世性、司法与政治、司法官职业化与司法大众化以及司法程序化与司法便民化之间的关系,对于当前进行的司法体制和工作机制改革具有重要的现实意义。     

美国产品责任法归责原则的演进

作为侵权责任法重要组成部分的产品责任法,其担当着平衡社会主体之间,尤其是消费者集团与生产者集团之间利益关系的重要角色。美国产品责任法经历了从合同责任到侵权责任,进而由一般侵权责任到特殊侵权责任的发展过程。从历史发展的角度,展现美国商品经济各个时期侵权责任法归责原则的不同表现,分析它们产生的时代背景、理论基础及法律渊源等因素,从而获得了美国产品责任法归责原则纵向发展的概貌、制度特色,从中可以发现对我国产品责任立法的借鉴意义。     

Identification of the cranium of W.A. Mozart

In 1801 at the cemetery in Vienna, Austria, the skull of W.A. Mozart was exhumed (La Chronique Médicale, 13 (1906) 423), and now it has been examined for identification. The osteometrical and osteological findings correspond with the available data of W.A. Mozart. Superimposition gives evidence that craniofacial distinctiveness of the cranium is consistent with the portrait. Additional individual particularities caused by the premature synostosis of the metopic suture (PSMS) and a bone lesion are described.     

论美国审前公开的法律限制及启示——以美国最高法院案例为分析视角

美国审前公开问题的实质是宪法修正案所保护的公正审判与言论出版自由的冲突,在解决这一问题上,美国最高法院经历了一个从侧重保护新闻出版自由的"审判有明显错误"标准,到侧重保护公正审判"推定的偏见"标准,再到重视两种权利调和的全面审查标准。全面审查标准强调了法官的主动性,这反映出在新闻媒体高度发达的今日,审前公开已经对公正审判造成冲击,迫使一贯主张司法克制的美国法院向司法能动进行转换。我国应当借鉴美国的全面审查标准,在热点案件中对影响公正审判的因素进行审查,进而采取相应的措施来保障公正审判的进行。     

Law Is the Command of the Sovereign: H. L. A. Hart Reconsidered

This article presents a critical reevaluation of the thesis—closely associated with H. L. A. Hart, and central to the views of most recent legal philosophers—that the idea of state coercion is not logically essential to the definition of law. The author argues that even laws governing contracts must ultimately be understood as “commands of the sovereign, backed by force.” This follows in part from recognition that the “sovereign,” defined rigorously, at the highest level of abstraction, is that person or entity identified by reference to game theory and the philosophical idea of “convention” as the source of signals with which the subject population has become effectively locked, as a group, into conformity.     

Maintaining programme integrity: the FOR . . . A Change programme and the resettlement of ex-prisoners

This article describes the process and results of monitoring the programme integrity of FOR . . . A Change, a group programme for offenders, as it was being delivered in three prisons in the United Kingdom. In so doing, it briefly describes the aims, structure, and theoretical orientation of the programme; explains what informed the particular approach to checking for integrity and how it was implemented; outlines the results; and finally, postulates the requisite conditions for the successful maintenance of programme integrity.     

美国行政法法官集中使用制度研究

行政法法官是美国行政法中颇具特色的制度,上世纪40年代,加州试验将部分行政法法官集中合署办公,由此掀开地方行政法法官集中使用制度的序幕。行政法法官集中使用制度的理论、地方实践、成功经验和推行行政法法官集中使用制度的前景,对行政法法官制度乃至美国行政法的这一新发展更深入地了解,对完善我国有关行政法律制度将会有所借鉴和帮助。     

Review of L. A. Grigorian,the Power of the People in the USSR

The power of the people determines the character of all the political institutions of Soviet society, the fundamental points of superiority of Soviet government and democracy, and their creative role in guaranteeing economic and social progress and in the building of communism. It is natural that problems pertaining to the power of the people are of particular importance to the Soviet system of government organization and to jurisprudence.     

美国违宪审查的历史探渊

美国违宪审查的思想渊源至少可以追溯到英国的爱德华·柯克爵士,柯克的著作将违宪审查的种子撒播于北美之后,新大陆独特的环境哺育了它。特别是在独立战争前夕,它成为北美人民对抗英国政府统治的有效武器。美国独立后,联邦宪法的颁布、批准宪法的论战以及马伯里案之前的违宪审查实践为美国违宪审查制度的建立奠定了思想、制度和先例方面的坚实基础。尽管美国违宪审查制度的最终确立离不开马歇尔大法官在马伯里案中的创造性发挥,但马歇尔只是催生了它,历史女神克利奥对违宪审查的孕育才是违宪审查制度得以产生的关键。     

英美刑法处理醉态犯罪的一般原则

醉酒与犯罪有着极为密切的联系。英国有学者认为,英国大部分轻罪都是被告人在醉酒的情况下实施的。据统计,在英国大约有40%的暴力犯罪是行为人在酒精的影响下实施的。①鉴于饮酒与犯罪之间的密切联系,当今社会,一般都会对行为人醉酒后的危害社会行为予以刑罚处罚。然而行为人在实施危害社会行为时,为限制责任能力甚至完全无责任能力人,严格按照现代刑法责任主义的原则,对行为人应该分别减轻、免除处罚或者不追究刑事责任。但是,如何根据责任主义找到醉酒犯罪可罚性的根据,一直颇为困难。大陆刑法理论从原因自由行为的角度探讨行为人的刑事责…     

从美国判例看网络纠纷管辖的演变

现实世界是指在物理空间中 ,以原子、分子为最小构成单位的世界。虚拟世界则是在网络空间中 ,以数据信息为要素单位与计算机软件、硬件的联合。现实空间中存在着物理划界 ,但在网络空间中却无任何界线存在。当现实世界中在不同法域发生民商事案件的管辖权冲突时 ,一般在国际民事案件管辖权理论中研究解决 ,而同样性质的纠纷发生在网络中又如何解决呢。通过美国在网络纠纷中关于管辖权问题的经典案例介绍 ,从中看到从一般对人管辖的理论发展到最近出现的对物之诉 ,探讨网络管辖权的未来走向