纳税人意识:公民意识的法律分析

纳税人意识作为公民意识的基础,是一个纳税人与政府双向的全方位概念,是纳税人通过向政府让渡部分财富,要求国家提供公共产品的权利实现和权力服务的思想体系. 它包括建立纳税人权利体系和实施国家财税管理和监控两个方面,展现为纳税人的权利与义务以及政府的权力与义务互动的复杂关系.     

Legal Consciousness: Some Observations

This article argues that US studies of 'legal consciousness' have much to offer UK socio-legal studies. It is, perhaps, surprising that so little attention has been paid to this set of understandings. I seek to rectify that imbalance in the transatlantic relationship by outlining legal consciousness and its critiques. I then draw on homelessness applicant interview data to discuss their 'legal consciousness', illustrating the importance of the value of dignity; how they make sense of their decisions; and the spaces in which legal consciousness may be produced. The study is a limited examination, but it enables us to question the assertion that welfare applicants 'know the law' and (ab-)use it.     

浅谈高校教学管理人员的职业道德修养和法律意识

本文分析了我国高校教学管理人员职业道德修养和法律意识方面存在的问题,指出应具备的职业道德修养和法律意识,并针对存在的问题,从严把用人关,细化岗位职责;创建学习型管理组织,不断更新知识结构;重视法律知识学习,强化法律意识三个方面提出对策。     

法律实证主义的问题意识

法律实证主义作为西方法哲学史上与自然法学派相对立的思想流派.始终饱受误解和质疑.法律实证主义的"问题意识"是深入领会其良苦用心和精神实质的关键.自然法学派与法律实证主义的法律观都具有批判与保守、灵活与随意、确定与僵化的两面性.法律实证主义以"形式正义"取代"实质正义",以"合法性"诠释"正当性",是对自然法的绝对性、抽象性、不确定性等形而上学固有缺陷深刻认识的结果,反映了法律实证主义深刻的问题意识.因之,法律实证主义在实践上具有更稳健、妥切、现实的品格.法律实证主义以特殊的方式理解和处理了正当性观念,它与自然法学派的关系与其说是本体论上的对立,不如说是认识论和方法论上的发展、补充和超越,由此二者才能共同支撑和维护西方法治文明的大厦.     

New Perspectives from the Oldest Profession: Abuse and the Legal Consciousness of Sex Workers in China

Although prostitution is illegal, millions of women sell sex in China. In the process, they experience significant abuse and harm at the hands of clients, madams, pimps, the police, and health officials. This article examines the legal consciousness of Chinese sex workers through their interpretations of these abusive experiences. It reveals how they think and talk about them, and how their reactions sometimes translate into concrete actions. My evidence shows that sex workers name abuse as harmful, blame others for it, and occasionally make claims. They also have strong opinions about prostitution policies, and the relationship between these regulations and their experiences of abuse. These findings place scope conditions on previous theories of marginalized people and the law, which suggest that powerless individuals perceive a more peripheral role of the law in their lives. In addition, this evidence enriches our understanding of legal consciousness in China by showing how debates around the concept apply more broadly than previously recognized.     

Legal Consciousness in Marginalized Groups: The Case of LGBT People

Studies of legal consciousness have flourished over the last few decades, but these studies and the very concept of legal consciousness have recently come under critique. This article uses the case of studies of the legal consciousness of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people to demonstrate that legal consciousness has been a valuable conceptual tool for exploring experiences of sociolegal marginalization. Research on LGBT people advances the study of legal consciousness without sacrificing a critical stance or reading lack of overt resistance as evidence of law's hegemonic power. Consideration of this research highlights that focusing on marginalized populations is a way to retain a critical edge in legal consciousness research. Future research should include more exploration of the relationship between marginalization and legal consciousness, further theoretical elaboration of the forms and conditions of resistance to law, and greater attention to how social interactions and institutions produce legal consciousness.     

新时期执政党法律意识的形成及其社会基础

中国共产党是执政党,党的领导要通过执政来体现。通过对执政党法律意识的内涵、特征、社会基础等问题进行分析,探索增强执政党法律意识的途径。     

A 'European' Conception of Legal Consciousness: Rediscovering Eugen Ehrlich

This paper discusses the present ‘legal consciousness’ literature and seeks to identify two different conceptions of legal consciousness. Most of this literature originated in the United States, but there has also been a growing interest in issues of legal consciousness in Europe. The use of the term ‘legal consciousness ’ in these European discussions is, however, remarkably different from its use in the United States literature. It is argued that the most commonly used ‘American ’ conception of legal consciousness reflects important ideas of Roscoe Pound and asks: how do people experience (official) law? By contrast, a European conception of legal consciousness, which was first introduced by the Austrian legal theorist Eugen Ehrlich, focuses on: what do people experience as ‘law ’? After both perspectives are applied in a case‐study of a run‐down neighbourhood in the Netherlands, it is concluded that future studies of legal consciousness may benefit from an integration of the two conceptions.     

Everyone Knows the Game: Legal Consciousness in the Hawaiian Cockfight

Past legal consciousness research has revealed a great deal about what individuals think and do with regard to law, but less attention has been paid to the social processes that underpin these attitudes, beliefs, and actions. This article focuses particularly on a “second‐order” layer of legal consciousness: people's perceptions about how others understand the law. Ethnographic observations and in‐depth interviews with cockfighters in rural Hawaii reveal how law enforcement practices not only affect cockfighting rituals, but are embedded within them. Police practices and informal rules work in concert to shape fighters' second‐order beliefs. These beliefs have implications for participants' understanding of central concepts, including order, disorder, and illegality. Examining legal consciousness from a second‐order perspective also underscores that notions of legitimacy are constantly created and recreated. Recognizing legitimacy's inherently relational nature helps us understand how experiences of law are synthesized into beliefs—for example, when an unusual police action directed toward a subgroup of fighters compromised the law's legitimacy for them. Foregrounding the relational nature of legal consciousness offers scholars a means to better understand and operationalize the dynamic nature of human relationships to law.     

Under the Law: Legal Consciousness and Radical Environmental Activism

A growing body of sociolegal scholarship focuses the study of law away from formal texts and legal institutions and toward the experiences and perceptions of “everyday” citizens. This study introduces seventeen “radical” environmentalists who engage a repertoire of tactics that includes some actions that involve relatively severe forms of illegality. This research seeks to investigate the role of civil disobedience and lawbreaking within the radical environmental movement and the corresponding legal consciousness of movement actors. Utilizing ethnographic fieldwork and content analysis, this analysis suggests that Ewick and Silbey's (1998 ) three‐tiered model of legal consciousness is an operative starting point, but could be enhanced through theoretical expansion. This study proposes a new category of legal consciousness—Under the Law—that views the law as the protector and defender of a social order that is fundamentally illegitimate. Under the Law is qualitatively different from existing conceptualizations of legal consciousness and reaffirms the mutually constitutive nature of law and society.     

推进全民普法教育新发展——公民＂法律素质基本规范＂征集活动评选结果揭晓

为纪念全民法制宣传教育20周年,使公民法律素质的教育更有抓手,提高更有方向,评估更有标准,中国普法网、东方法治网、依法治市网联合组织开展了公民“法律素质基本规范”征集活动。征集活动得到了来自全国800多名作者的积极响应,2005年7月15日—9月15日两个月期间共征集作品908条(篇)。为保证对征集作品评选的公平、公开、公正,主办单位成立了由王进义(司法部法制宣传司副司长)、刘忠定(上海市司法局副局长)、王淑琴(南京市依法治市办副主任、市司法局副局长)、王敏(上海市司法局法制宣传处副处长)、陆黛(东方法治网总监)、张少华(南京市司法局依法治理工作处副处长)、刘小兵(江苏省委党校法学教授)等七人组成的专家评审委员会。评审委员会对征集的作品进行了公开讨论评议,采取自主推荐、集体讨论、少数服从多数的原则,评出张方、刘伟2个一等奖、王军等10个二等奖、吴乃刚等20个三等奖。南京市公证处公证员对整个评选过程进行现场监督公证。     

比较法制史:中国法律史学研究的新视角

“比较法制史”无论是作为一种学科分类 ,还是一种重要的方法论 ,长久以来一直引起人们的关注。早期的法制史学者不仅在中国法制史教学与科研中运用比较法制史的方法 ,还在《比较法制史》的教材编写上作了有益的尝试。在新中国的法制史学科发展历程中 ,学者们也很重视比较法制史。 2 1世纪中国法律史学的发展应着眼于全球化 ,及时转换研究视角 ,尽快构建比较法制史的理论体系 ,发挥其在中国法律史教学与研究中的积极作用 ,以提高法律教育的质量。     

中国农民法律意识现状探讨

农民法律意识的内部架构是,法律意识淡漠与对传统伦理和乡土规范的青睐相伴。其成因是：简单经济关系使其亲近法律缺少利益的驱动;农村家庭的生产职能滋养了具有生产组织文化特点的儒家伦理;人治传统下法律的作用使其缺少对法律的利益感受。觉醒农民法律意识有益于：构建市场经济运动之基础和市民社会之人格——心理基础;塑造崇尚权利的现代法治和民主政治运行之逻辑习惯。     

知识产权法律意识的实证研究

知识产权法律意识是知识产权保护法律环境的重要侧面,通过调查问卷式的实证研究方法揭示民众的知识产权法律意识是行之有效的方法。培育守法意识应依据哈特的外在观点理论,通过加强执法、增加处罚力度等措施从外部予以约束,以最终获致主动守法意识的生成。     

法律意识的两种成分及其实践含义——关于法制宣传教育的若干思考

法制宣传教育，是一项回应国人对法治的呼唤和法治对国人的期待的伟大事业。在法治不完善的前提下，法制宣传教育过于理想化和简单化的宣传策略是不行的，简单地让公民相信或信仰法律的正义和力量是不够的、甚至是适得其反的。我们能期待于公民“法律意识”的，乃是一种对待法律的理性态度。     

中外侦查法律关系主体之比较

世界各国对侦查法律关系主体范围的规定既有相同之处,也有相异之点,相比其他国家而言,我国法律中对侦查法律关系主体的划定范围较小;另外,学界对被害人是不是侦查法律关系的主体这一问题,看法不一致.笔者以为被害人应为侦查法律关系的主体.