美国言论自由的限度

明显而即刻的危险原则曾经是美国宪法上判定言论自由是否应受保护的主导原则.但是,随着该原则在一战和二战时期被滥用,导致所谓反民主的思想和言论受到压制,最终导致该原则本身的式微.本文从美国最高法院应用该原则的历史中,探讨其两大思想基础:思想的自由市场理论和民主社会的底线理论,进而对基于内容对言论进行限制的必要性及适当性进行批评和反思.     

言论自由:概念及边界

言论是人类交流思想、传递信息的重要工具。因此,言论自由的保障,“有助于思想与资讯之流通,为推动文明进步与发展之原动力”。〔1〕密尔在其代表作《论自由》一书中,对言论自由对人类精神福祉的必要性做出了精辟的概括,〔2〕并指出:“迫使一个意见不能发表的特殊罪恶乃在它是对整个人类的掠夺。”〔3〕没有对言论自由的保障,就没有思想之激荡,社会之进步。在这个意义上,如卡多佐法官所称:言论自由是其他权利产生的摇篮,几乎为其他每种权利不可缺少的前提。〔4〕我国有学者提出:随着生存权问题的基本解决,自由权特别是言论自由权将成为我国…     

对言论自由的法律保护与对滥用言论自由的法律惩罚

刑法中设置以语言作为行为方式的犯罪,其目的不是为了限制言论自由,恰恰是为了更好地保护宪法所确立的言论自由.只有在此目的下修改我国刑法中有关以语言作为行为方式的犯罪,并完善刑事诉讼法中的有关程序,才能使言论自由这一神圣的宪法权利得到切实保障,使那些真正滥用言论自由侵害国家、社会、他人的犯罪行为受到惩处.     

国际间迁徙自由探析

国际间迁徙自由虽与出入境问题密切相关,但不等同和局限于出入境问题,它包括迁出自由、返回本国的自由、不被任意驱逐的自由以及相关的程序保障等。国际间迁徙自由理论目前尚不完善,有很多问题值得深入探讨,对该权利及其程序保障需要进一步发展和细化。     

论言论自由与隐私权之协调

言论自由与隐私权在构造完整的人格权方面具有某些相同的功能 ,然而在实践中二者更多地表现为冲突的一面。本文着重探讨世界上一些主要国家有关言论自由与隐私权协调的立法和实践 ,并在分析我国相关立法和实践的基础上 ,对如何完善我国的相关立法提出一些可行性的建议     

我国网络空间中的言论自由

网络空间中的言论自由具有较传统言论自由更高的价值,因此在对其进行规制的时候也应更为谨慎。然而我国在规制网络言论自由的时候不仅存在立法层级不高的问题,而且采取了比规制传统言论自由更加严厉的做法。要改变这种现状,就必须在改变立法理念、完善立法技术的基础上,以法律的形式对网络言论进行规范。     

从自由到平等:美国言论自由的现代转型

自1960年代开始,美国言论自由开启了从经典时期向现代的转型。在色情作品、仇恨言论和竞选经费三个领域,言论自由分别与性别平等、种族平等和财富平等正面相遇。通过把"平等"价值引入言论自由这一转型,使色情作品、仇恨言论和竞选经费从单纯的自由问题变为平等与自由间的平衡;同时,为了促进平等,它还强调法律和政策应告别形式中立,必须向弱势群体有所倾斜。这一转型相当于一场言论自由的"新政",终结了言论自由的洛克纳时代,重塑了言论自由的范式和议程,并对当代言论自由的发展产生持续和深远的影响。     

Freedom of Speech as an Expressive Mode of Existence

This paper adopts Deleuze’s reading of Spinoza’s expressionism and pure semiotics to argue that Spinoza’s Ethics offers an alternative notion of freedom of speech that is based on the potentia of the individual. Its aim is to show how freedom of thought is connected to the problem of individuation that connects our mode of being with our power to speak and think. Rather than treating freedom of speech as an enlightened idea that is in opposition to, for example, religious authority, or the suppression of human rights, this paper argues that freedom of speech should be understood by what Spinoza calls ‘an adequate idea’: an idea that explains the cause of its own production. What is to be considered is: who wants this freedom, in what situation, why, what is at stake? No freedom in itself is ever given. This paper argues for speech as an assembled body that is always in connection with other bodies. It is argued that to understand the power and value of the freedom of speech, we should study the praxis of the utterance as an assembled body, its causal dimensions, and its affective immanent relations with other bodies, and other modes of speaking.     

言论自由、出版自由、新闻自由的主体及其法律保护

言论自由的主体是自然人 ,出版自由的主体是自然人和法人 ,新闻自由的主体是法人。法律应当对言论区别不同类型给以相应的保护 ;对出版自由 ,法律既要保护 ,又要限制 ,但二者的界限尚有待明确 ;法律对新闻自由在保护的同时 ,要注意它与公民个人权利、与国家权力、与公众人物的利益发生冲突时应采取不同的调整手段。     

Reframing Political Freedom In The Analytics Of Governmentality

What distinguishes studies of government (gouvernamentalité) from histories of administration, historical sociologies of state formation and sociologies of governance is their power to open space for critical thought. According to Michel Foucault, studies on government are studies of a particular stratum of knowing and acting, of the emergence of particular ‘regimes of truth’ concerning the conduct of conduct, ways of speaking truths and the costs of so doing, and of the inventing and assemblage of particular apparatuses and devices for exercising power and intervening in particular problems. The key point of this paper is that in the analytics of governmentality political freedom no longer depends on the systemic logic of the balance between government and governed, but on subjects’ obstinate and wild desire to live freely and on the ethos of those who intend to govern themselves and their like autonomously, which obstructs that logic even with extreme consequences. This capacity of resistance comes from life, from the sum of its functions that are useful in resisting death and no longer from a core of subjective rights, or from the will of individuals who oppose the state or the market.

短期自由刑改革方式比较研究

在短期自由刑的利弊问题上折衷说是科学的。对待短期自由刑的科学态度是 :保留但应予以改革完善。短期自由刑的改革已经成为当代世界各国刑法改革运动的重要组成部分。世界各国在短期自由刑改革问题上主要存在两种方案 :一种是替代型方案 ;另一种是完善型方案。我国当前应从以下几方面进行改革 :建立短期自由刑易科非监禁刑制度 ;完善刑事犹豫制度 ;变通短期自由刑的传统执行方式。     

法治视野下公务员的言论自由探析

言论自由是一项基本人权,但作为公务员这一特殊群体,其言论自由与一般公民的言论自由相比具有特殊之处。随着我国民主法治进程的不断加快,在法治视野下如何对公务员的言论自由进行科学规制逐渐引起重视。民主法治国家要求公务员的言论自由既要受到宪法和法律的保障也要受到一定的限制。笔者认为法治视野下公务员言论自由的行使应受到公务员与所在机关的法律关系、公务员忠诚义务、公务员中立义务等因素的限制。同时对公务员言论自由的限制理应符合比例原则、双阶理论和双轨理论等标准的约束。     

乞讨是言论自由吗?——美国乞讨权诉讼中的核心问题

对于试图在美国联邦宪法第一修正案体系内讨论乞讨问题的法官来说,乞讨是否构成言论自由是一个无法回避的核心问题.到目前为止,法官们分别采用了为乞讨下定义、将乞讨等同于慈善募捐、从先例中直接寻找依据等三种方法解答这一问题.解答的过程充满了纷争,而将乞讨等同于慈善募捐已成为同情乞讨者的法官所依赖的主要方法.同时,这一论争的过程也表明,争取权利和承认的过程并非一帆风顺,弹性的文本和丰富的先例可能提供"柳暗花明"的机会.     

从以道德立论的自由到以利益立论的自由——卢梭自由观与马克思早期自由观初探

卢梭和马克思都是思想史上的重要人物。但是长期以来,人们对卢梭与马克思的思想联系关注较少。本文试图通过对卢梭自由观与马克思早期自由观的简要介绍,阐明卢梭与马克思之间的思想联系。卢梭和马克思都对本体论意义上的自由和积极自由予以了关注,但他们对自由与法律的关系和自由、道德与利益的关系的论述却存在差异。     

域外网络言论自由法律规制的比较及启示

互联网的迅猛发展导致网络言论自由问题显得日益严峻和突出,如何将网络言论纳入法制的轨道,乃是理论界和实务界亟待解决的课题。一些发达国家这方面的立法相对成熟,颇具比较完备的网络言论自由的保护以及规制体系,这对建立健全我国网络言论的法律规制体系具有不菲的借鉴意义。这就需要探讨美国、德国网络言论自由保护的立法模式,比较分析其相关法律规制的内容和特点,他们立法方面的成功与可取之处,为我国完善网络言论自由法律规制体系提供启示。     

Freedom of Speech in Union Representation Elections: Employer Campaigning and Employee Response

In 1977 the National Labor Relations Board announced that it would no longer probe the truth or falsity of statements made in the course of representation campaigns. This decision, Shopping Kart Ford Market, overruled longstanding Board policy and was itself overruled the following year. Now, in August of 1982, the Board has again made a commitment to nonprobing and has reinstated the Shopping Kart standard (Midland National Life Insurance Co.,___ N.L.R.B.____, 110 L.R.R.M. 1489 (1982)). Such seesawing of Board positions suggests the difficulty of attempting to protect freedom of speech while simultaneously supporting other national labor policy goals, including employee freedom of choice and the integrity of representation elections. Critical to determining the appropriate standard for campaign speech is an understanding of how employees respond to misrepresentations or coercion in an employer's campaign rhetoric. This paper investigates the relationship between employer campaigning and employee response. Both employer and labor organization will have incentives to prevent coercive or misrepresentative speech at certain levels of violation severity. But in an intermediate range of speech in which that is not the case, the Board has a unique role to play in protecting the rights of individual employees and the public interest in the integrity of elections.     

Frequent Blows Against Freedom of Speech: Interview with Mikhail Fedotov by Igor' Serkov

Detention of journalists, the closing of radio stations, restrictions on access to information, plans to require the licensing of all mass media—all these are realities of our times. We are again forced to discuss attempts to limit freedom of speech, the only unconditional achievement of recent years. One of the authors of the media law, the former minister of the press and information and the secretary of the Union of Russian Journalists, Mikhail Fedotov, answers the questions of Literaturnaia gazeta.     

Speed Bumps On The Information Superhighway: A Study Of Federal Agency Compliance With The Electronic Freedom Of Information Act Of 1996

The Electronic Freedom of Information Act of 1996 amended the Freedom of Information Act of 1966 to clarify that computerized agency records are subject to disclosure under the FOIA. Congress passed the 1996 amendments because federal agencies for many years had been withholding computerized records and databases from the public. Another feature of the EFOIA requires agencies to publish their policies and rules on the Internet. The rationale behind this provision was to guard against the development of "secret law" known only to agency officials, but not to members of the public who deal with the agencies. The purpose of this article is to examine how federal agencies have complied with the EFOIA in its first few years of implementation. A look at the documented early history of EFOIA compliance reveals agency performance has been marked by slow starts, missed deadlines and general confusion over exactly what kinds of records qualify as disclosable records under the statute.