Forensic medical expertise on burned bone remains

The series of 1138 cadaveric humerus and femurs of people of both sexes who died at the age of 17-91 years and 468 animal bones (cow, pig, sheep) was studied. Bones were burned (experimentally) at various temperature values and in different conditions. Investigations were carried out using osteometric, microscopic, microroentgenographic and mathematical methods. Species identification as well as sex and age determination using burned bone remains are possible regardless of the level of their burning. Regression equations to calculate victim's stature according to fragments of burned bones were received.     

Witch signs in forensic medicine of the 16th to 18th centuries

Witch's marks and injecta, two magical phenomena discussed in the law-courts are here examined from the perspective of forensics and medical history. While stigmata were already deprived of their magical aura in the time of Zacchias, injecta continue to puzzle legal medicine for a long time. Gradually the solution is discovered in natural (diseases, dermatology) and psychological (simulation) phenomena.     

Forensic medicine in Bordeaux in the 16th century

In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Renaissance was accompanied by a real cultural revolution in Europe and France. Montaigne, the Bordeaux humanist and writer, was highly involved in this movement, particularly by his thinking on medicine, physicians, and illness. The 2 forensic reports presented are the oldest known testimonies of forensic medical activity in Bordeaux in the 16th century. They concern a visit to prison in 1556 and the solemn transfer of the body of a man hanged in 1579. The authors also describe how necropsies were performed before 1573 in Bordeaux, the year in which medical studies were reformed. However, the first official teaching of forensic medicine in Bordeaux (Ecole Royale de Médecine) began only in 1814.     

第17届国际法庭科学大会侧记

2005年8月21日上午9时,伴随着舞狮队喧天的锣鼓声和苏格兰悠扬的风笛声,为期6天的“第17届国际法庭科学大会”在香港会展中心隆重开幕。司法部司法鉴定科学技术研究所也组团参加了本届大会,笔者随团参会并侧记如下:一、大会概况国际法庭科学大会是“国际法庭科学协会(IAFS)”每三年举办一次的主要学术活动,是国际法庭科学领域同行交流的重要平台。2005年是第17届大会,也是该会自成立以来第一次由中国主办。参加本届大会的有来自世界各个国家和国际组织的一千多名代表,中国内地参加本届大会的代表有一百多名,主要是来自科研、教学和公安等…     

Forensic medical examination of a medical malpractice case as a form of situational expertise

The authors propose to divide the process of forensic medical examination of a medical malpractice case into several stages and substantiate the possibility of their realization as a form of situational forensic medical expertise.     

Forensic and medical expertise of sexual transmission of venereal diseases and HIV infection

Although, there is a steady growth in the total number of sexually transmitted infections (STI), the forensic medical method is a rare expertise type as applicable to venereal and HIV infections. Since sexually abused persons are an STI risk category, they must be diagnosed as soon as possible. A micro-trauma of sexual violence, if detected, is an important finding because it is an open entry gate for STI. The specialist in skin and venereal diseases must examine all victims and all suspected of raping or of sexual violence to rule out the possibility of venereal disease infection.     

Forensic medical expertise of injuries in the anorectal region and rectum related to the sexual assault

Injuries to the anorectal region and rectum associated with sexual crimes require forensic medical assessment even though this issue remains to be poorly developed. The results of 84 forensic medical expertises are presented based on the materials obtained by examining both women and men who applied with complains of sexual abuse (anogenital penetration) to the Primorskoye territorial Bureau of forensic medical expertise during 5 years, from 2005 to 2009. The study has demonstrated correlation between dynamics of applications of the victims of either sex and the lack of a tendency toward a decrease in their frequency. The signs characteristic of acute injuries and chronic conditions are described. The causes of diagnostic errors during forensic medical expertise of sexual abuse are discussed.     

Natural population movement and marriage restrictions and hindrances in Styria in the 17th to 19th centuries

To marry has never been an egalitarian option or everybody's wish. There have always been calculations or considerations, structural or individual hindrances and even societal restrictions for individuals to get married despite wishing to do so. Without any doubt and apart from the debate on determination or love and free choice in former times, to marry has always been a societal event, a mutual relationship between personal wishes and societal environmental expectations.And apart from all the debates on paradoxes in modernization processes, it is clear that in pre-modern times societal marriage restrictions were widespread.It is very unlikely that people should have been forbidden to marry because they should not have sexual contacts, just for morality reasons. The keys have been considerations and calculations on reproductivity, economic and social resources, social and human capital. This paper deals with aggregated vital data from four parishes in Styria, Austria, covering the outgoing 17th century until the end of the 19th century, in order to detect hints of marriage restrictions.The paper proves the well-known variety of marriage systems in pre-industrial and pre-modern times. It supports the idea that the presence of marriage restrictions hindered population growth, but the absence of such restrictions did not automatically foster more societal transparency and developmental chances in a modern sense, as mortality and inequality were very strong factors in pre-modern agrarian societies. In the end, the question of marriage restrictions was apparently posed and answered by privileged groups.     

Natural population movement and marriage restrictions and hindrances in Styria in the 17th to 19th centuries

To marry has never been an egalitarian option or everybody's wish. There have always been calculations or considerations, structural or individual hindrances and even societal restrictions for individuals to get married despite wishing to do so. Without any doubt and apart from the debate on determination or love and free choice in former times, to marry has always been a societal event, a mutual relationship between personal wishes and societal environmental expectations.

And apart from all the debates on paradoxes in modernization processes, it is clear that in pre-modern times societal marriage restrictions were widespread.

It is very unlikely that people should have been forbidden to marry because they should not have sexual contacts, just for morality reasons. The keys have been considerations and calculations on reproductivity, economic and social resources, social and human capital. This paper deals with aggregated vital data from four parishes in Styria, Austria, covering the outgoing 17th century until the end of the 19th century, in order to detect hints of marriage restrictions.

The paper proves the well-known variety of marriage systems in pre-industrial and pre-modern times. It supports the idea that the presence of marriage restrictions hindered population growth, but the absence of such restrictions did not automatically foster more societal transparency and developmental chances in a modern sense, as mortality and inequality were very strong factors in pre-modern agrarian societies. In the end, the question of marriage restrictions was apparently posed and answered by privileged groups.     

毒鼠强中毒法医临床学检案16例分析

本文通过对16例TETS中毒者1周内,半年、1年的临床表现和有关酶学检查结果进行分析,探讨TETS中毒的对人体的中远期影响及其损伤程度和伤残等级评定。     

The French population censuses: Purposes and uses during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries

From the mid-17th until the beginning of the 20th century, French censuses became increasingly more frequent and organized. This article focuses on the purposes of the first censuses (military), how the population was conceived of, and what variables were collected. The main characteristics of included individuals, the data considered important during each period, and the major categories chosen are examined. Also included are the evolution of reasons for knowing the precise age of individuals and how age groups were standardized because these aspects are closely linked to census operations. Finally, we will see how censuses have been used to obtain an overview of the population and, during the 19th century, how they were central to the discussion of the decline in fertility and, more generally, the changes occurring in the French population. How each new question led to the invention of a new variable and how data were presented is also examined.