论价值与存在

一、事实与价值.区分事实与价值,是价值哲学的起点.把事实混同于价值,是当代世界各国居于主导地位的价值哲学在理论上陷于混乱的根本原因.二、是与应当.不仅"是"在一定条件下可以推导出"应当",而且"应当"必须以"是"为根据."是"什么是实现科学决策作出"应当"如何的必要条件.三、价值与存在.价值存在于主体与客体的相互作用中,存在于主客体相互作用下客体对主体的作用和影响中,主客体相互作用中客体对主体的效应,就是价值(广义的价值).客体对主体积极的效应,就是正价值;消极的效应,就是负价值.通常人们所说的价值,指正价值,在这个意义上说,价值必定是善的.价值的本质在于促进主体生存、发展、完善,使主体特别是使人类社会更美好,使每一个人全面而自由地发展.     

Being tough versus being fair

Among his books are The Social Psychology of Social Movements; Violent Men; Reforming Human Services; Living in Prison;and, with Kenneth Adams and J. Douglas Grant, Coping: Maladaptation in Prisons.     

The Probability of Being Decisive

The probability of a voter being decisive (P_D), that is, of one vote affecting the outcome of an election, has generally been incorrectly calculated for the last twenty or more years. The method normally used is due to Banzhaf (1968) and generalised by Beck (1974). It assumes that voters know in advance how many people will vote for each candidate, which is clearly not the case. The correct formulation was given by Good and Mayer in 1975, but was ignored and has subsequently been all but forgotten since then. A simple explanation of these methods is given. Using the incorrect method, errors of magnitude of more than 10¹⁰⁰ in calculating P_D correctly can be made. The appropriateness of using a decision-theoretic formulation instead of a game-theoretic one is also discussed.     

Being Certain Versus Being Right: Citizen Certainty and Accuracy of House Candidates' Ideological Orientations

Research on voting behavior has been reinvigorated by focusing on citizens' certainty of candidates' issue positions and ideological orientations. According to this perspective, citizens are inclined to support candidates whom they are confident possess attributes they deem important. Analysis of citizens' perceptual certainty and perceptual accuracy of 1994, 1996, and 1998 House candidates' ideological orientations reveals that many candidate characteristics (incumbency, fiscal resources) that enhance certainty fail to improve perceptual accuracy. The electoral consequence of this fact is that candidates endowed with these resources benefit from the importance of certainty to citizens without paying the electoral costs of clarifying their issue positions and ideological orientations. Similarly, several characteristics of citizens that lead to certainty reduction—gender and caring about the outcome of the election, for example—fail to improve perceptual accuracy. The implications of the empirical findings for the role of citizens' assessments of certainty in the voting decision for producing an informed electorate are considered here.     

同性恋的心理社会成因

随着同性恋研究的深入,其成因已越来越受到重视。本文试图综合前人研究的成果,从个体心理成长与社会文化方面探讨同性恋的形成原因。     

警察与慎独

“慎独”既是中国古代儒家所倡导的一种道德修养的方法,也是儒家推崇的人们进行道德修养所达到的一种崇高境界,含有一定的合理因素,值得辩证地继承和发扬。由于警察是一种特殊的职业,人民警察的性质、任务、职业特点及其所处的复杂的执法环境决定了其必须具备“慎独”的品质,做到慎欲、慎微、慎隐、慎省。     

Being British: A Crisis of Identity?

An assumed decline in Britishness has rekindled concern over the 'break up of Britain'. The creation of the Scottish Parliament in 1999 is taken as the cause and the effect of Scots having come to feel more Scottish and less British. Using data on public attitudes from British, and Scottish Social Attitudes surveys, this paper shows that, despite a strengthening sense of Scottishness over the last thirty years, the sense of being British is still widespread and similar in Scotland and in England. Even those who describe themselves as Scottish and not British are not hostile to the idea of Britain. The relatively weak association between national identity, party support and views on constitutional change suggests that being Scottish is more cultural than political. Recent attempts by politicians and others to mobilise Britishness ignore the complexity and diversity of meanings it has both north and south of the border.     

发展个体工商户:应为基本国策

改革开放以来,我国个体工商户得到突飞猛进的发展,成为市场经济的一个重要组成部分,但是从2000年以来,个体工商户在逐年减少。我国应将发展个体工商户作为一项基本国策。支持个体工商户的发展,这对社会、对国家是大有益处的,是构建社会主义和谐社会不可缺少的一个内容。     

可持续发展与人的发展

可持续发展是人类21世纪的必然选择,可持续发展概念有着丰富的哲学内涵,它是人、自然、社会三位一体的协调发展,其核心内容是人类发展的可持续性,其本质是人的全面发展.     

恩格斯思维与存在同一性观点辨析——兼与俞吾金教授商榷

思维与存在同一性问题是哲学基本问题的重要方面,我们认为,马克思恩格斯是在坚持唯物主义前提下,以承认思维与存在既有同质性又有异质性为基础的同一性,而不是俞吾金教授所说的,恩格斯是坚持黑格尔同质性基础上的思维与存在同一性。     

语言的问题还是人的问题——“语言”在康德学说中的位置初探

本文通过参照与康德同时代的卢梭、赫尔德、洪堡特等人关于语言的学说,分析了康德关于语言分散的说法,得出十五条基本判定,进而通过比较,看到康德及其时代关注得更多的是人的问题,而后来成为哲学时尚的语言哲学问题在当时只是从属和次要的论题.康德关于"人的问题"并没有在后来的语言哲学中被解决或消解.因此,在康德逝世两百多年后的今天,我们仍有必要思考如何追问:"什么是人?"     

On Being Economical with the Truth: Some Liberal Reflections

Although a commitment to free discussion of all issues is one of the traditional pillars of liberalism, contemporary liberals may be justified in feeling uneasy when their principle of universal human rights is publicly challenged in the name of ethnic community. For in spite of liberalism's reputation for rationalism, its principles rely upon a substantial element of myth which does not stand up well to public scrutiny. Liberals would be wise to become more conscious of this 'mythical' component in their outlook. This would protect them against political naivety and its consequent disillusionment. It would also help them to respond more appropriately to right-wing critics, by relying less on rationalism and more on tactics borrowed from conservatism.     

刍论公民的法律至上观

法律至上观是近现代社会法治发展的必然产物。由于受传统法律文化的影响,我国公民的法律至上观尚未完全确立,随着中国法治化进程的加快,公民的法律至上观成为必然要求。公民法律至上观的形成和发展主要依赖于体现“法律至上”原则的法律制度,这种法律制度的特征应是:法律高于任何社会规范、法律高于其他任何社会势力、法律高于权力;同时,为了保证公民的法律至上观的确立和实现,要做到以宪法观念为核心、服从法律、信仰法律、民间规范服从法律规范。     

核心资本：企业产生的必要条件

现代企业理论认为,交易费用的节约是企业出现的原因。但笔者认为,能否节约交易费用,只是企业出现的充分条件。它能解释所有企业出现并存在的可能,但并不能揭示企业出现的必然原因;它能解释节约交易费用可能导致企业出现,但不能解释出现交易费用的节约就必然、一定导