加害给付中精神损害的契约性救济新论

作为一种典型侵权性违约行为,加害给付不仅造成债权人的合同履行利益等相对权的损害,还伴随有债权人的其他财产甚至人身、精神利益等绝对权的损害,即产生所谓的违约责任与侵权责任的竞合,依据我国现行《合同法》第122条违约与侵权的责任竞合规则,两种请求权只能择一行使。但是在加害给付中产生精神损害时,这种选择机制对其的保护便出现空缺,难以使债权人获得完全赔偿,因而,在加害给付产生精神损害的应予以契约性救济。     

因违约而生之精神损害的救济路径——以《民法典》第996条的功能分析为中心

《民法典》第996条规定对因违约行为而产生的精神损害可以进行赔偿,但未明确具体的救济路径。既存在直接承认违约精神损害赔偿的可能,也存在须以违约责任与侵权责任竞合为前提的违约或侵权路径的次级选择问题。是否以责任竞合为条件,应着重关注对侵权过错要件的取舍。无过错责任之违约损害赔偿以合同关于未来的风险分配为正当性基础,该分配很难涉及精神损害;“损害对方人格权”的规定亦使得纯粹精神损害被排除在外。故为实现责任成立评价上的一致性,应以同时具备侵权责任的构成要件为适用前提。承认违约精神损害赔偿将导致局部不可兼容、解释成本过高等问题。对《民法典》第996条作侵权精神损害赔偿的解读,可消除上述弊端,且有助于对受害人人身权益的保护。     

浅谈违约责任与侵权责任竞合的处理--兼评我国《合同法》第122条之规定

我国<合同法>第122条规定在违约责任与侵权责任发生竞合的情况下,受害人一方可选择提起违约之诉或侵权之诉.笔者认为此项规定是源于过去的理论,与其他法律不协调,脱离我国实际.在发生违约责任与侵权责任竞合的情况下,应采法条竞合说适用侵权行为法.     

论国际私法中违约责任与侵权责任竞合问题的处理

违约责任和侵权责任竞合如何处理在国际私法领域中占有重要一席。本文通过分析有关处理责任竞合的民法制度对涉违约侵权竞合案件的识别所产生的影响,主张对国际私法领域违约责任和侵权责任竞合问题的处理应依据独立的标准。     

论违约责任和侵权责任的竞合

违约责任与侵权责任的竞合是因为行为人实施的一个违法行为具备违约行为和侵权行为的双重性质,从而引发了两种责任的共同产生。各国对违约责任与侵权责任的竞合有不同处理原则,我国合同法明确规定了该两种责任的竞合,受害人有选择的权利。     

论违约责任与侵权责任之竞合

在现代世界各国民法中,民事责任竞合是一个非常普遍的问题。违约责任和与侵权责任竞合,是行为人在进行某个违法行为的同时,它的行为还构成了违约行为和侵权行为的特性,这就会产生违约责任与侵权责任的法律现象。当遇到这种责任竞合时,许多人都不知道该选择何种救济方式才能使自己的利益得到最好的维护。为此,本文针对违约责任与侵权责任展开讨论,希望能够帮助人们解决这一问题。     

违约与侵权竞合实益之反思

违约与侵权竞合主要有两类:加害给付型和违反保护义务型。在后者以及在前者的违反手段义务场合,违约责任为一般过错责任,与一般侵权责任相同;违反结果义务时,因产品责任等特殊侵权情形,违约与侵权多数为严格责任,二者的归责与证明责任亦同。从损害赔偿范围看,二者均通过客观概率论配合法价值判断来限定因果关系,都允许精神损害赔偿。在诉讼时效上,无论从体系解释还是文义解释,均得不出违约和侵权二者之间存在一般性差异。另外,二者均采纳相同的责任缓和规则。总体而言,违约与侵权在竞合时两种责任差异极小,其竞合实益较为有限。     

论违约责任与侵权责任竞合之法律适用

一、违约责任与侵权责任竞合之理论研究违约责任与侵权责任竞合是指某一不法民事事实具备了违约责任和侵权责任的构成要件,同时符合了合同法律规范和侵权法律规范,导致该数种法律规范皆可适用的一种法律现象。它具有三个基本特征：第一,当事人之间存在法定和约定的双重权利义务;第二,该法律事实侵犯的是复杂客体,即同时侵犯了债权及债权以外的其他财产权或人身权;第三,该法律事实同时归属多重民事责任规范调整。①违约责任与侵权责任竞合不同于责任的聚合。所谓民事责任聚合是指不法行为人实施同种行为同时符合不同法律规范而依法将…     

违约责任与侵权责任竞合研究

民事责任竞合现象较为普遍,其中最常见的是违约责任与侵权责任的竞合,本文拟就通过对违约法律关系和侵权法律关系的竞合及其法律调整的研究,提出完善我国调整竞合关系的建议。     

论工伤责任与侵权责任的关系

我国现行法律对工伤责任与侵权责任的关系规定不明确,导致司法实践中出现了混乱。工伤责任与侵权责任的关系包括竞合关系和非竞合并存关系。工伤责任与侵权责任竞合时,应以补充原则处理,即受害人在不重复取得的前提下获得工伤补偿与侵权损害赔偿项目的并集;工伤责任与侵权责任非竞合并存时,责任人应各自承担责任,即以受害人兼得原则处理。     

流浪乞讨与管制--从贫困救助看中央与地方权限的界定

随着《收容遣送办法》的废止,个人自由权利与社会治安秩序之间的现实冲突比过去更为突显。应转变中央和地方关系的传统思维,在允许地方更多自主权和选择权的同时,更充分地保障公民个人的宪法基本权利。无论是中央和地方关系的法律界定,还是公民权利的宪法保障,都要求建立独立的司法机构以审查地方立法的有效性。     

International aid,trade and investment and access and allocation

International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics - The access to goods and their allocation (who gets what, when, where and how) is one of the analytical problems of the 2009...     

Accommodation and Satisfaction: Women and Men Lawyers and the Balance of Work and Family

This study of graduates of the University of Michigan Law School from the late 1970s reports on the differing ways that women and men have responded to the conflicting claims of work and family. It finds that women with children who have entered the profession have indeed continued to bear the principal responsibilities for the care of children, but it also finds that these women, with all their burdens, are more satisfied with their careers and with the balance of their family and professional lives than other women and than men.     

Implementing and evaluating crime prevention and control programs and policies

The history of crime prevention and control efforts in the United States has demonstrated little progressive improvement in our ability to deter crime. The major obstacles to implementing effective interventions and policies have been a weak scientific knowledge base about how to prevent crime, the research community's inability to effectively disseminate what is known about the causes of crime and to translate this knowledge into operational programs and policies, and a resistance on the part of practitioners and policy makers to evaluate programs and policies and to use this information in the development of new programs and policies. In the last decade, there have been major advances in our understanding about the causes of crime and we have now demonstrated the effectiveness of selected prevention programs. But there is little evidence that this scientific knowledge is informing current practice or policy. Problems in the dissemination of this information and the resistance to utilizing it remain. These problems are discussed and suggestions are made for addressing them. Our knowledge base remains modest, but it is now sufficient to inform policy and practice. The research community must work to do a better job of disseminating this information and overcoming the resistance to utilizing it before we will be successful in implementing effective crime prevention programs and policies. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

油气储运防火安全分析及预防措施

本文主要从设备故障与维护、防静电、动火作业、执行操作规程等几个方面引起的爆炸和火灾进行分析,制定对应的防护措施。提出了以做好设备维护保养、防静电处理、做好防火设计及安全装置、落实动火作业措施及强化安全培训等方面进行综合防控,消除油气储运过程中引起的爆炸和火灾,以实现安全生产。     

Truth and Justice, Inquiry and Advocacy, Science and Law

Abstract. There is tension between the adversarialism of the U.S. legal culture and the investigative procedures of the sciences, and between the law's concern for finality and the open‐ended fallibilism of science. A long history of attempts to domesticate scientific testimony by legal rules of admissibility has left federal judges with broad screening responsibilities; recent adaptations of adversarialism in the form of court‐appointed experts have been criticized as “inquisitorial,” even “undemocratic.” In exploring their benefits and disadvantages, it would make sense to look to the experience of other legal systems.