Bringing eBay into line

As the largest and best-known internet auction service providerin the global village, eBay has become an immensely popularfacility for offering goods for sale before the widest audience.The advantages of eBay are that it provides a forum for thesale of niche goods where prospective purchasers are difficultto target; by cutting out the retailer (and his mark-up) itenables goods to be sold more cheaply; it is almost impossibleto police effectively; and also provides a veil of anonymity     

The Integration of Women into West German and United States Police Service

This article describes the West German attitudes toward full employment of women in police service and the results of an experimental study of the successful integration of women into the uniformed police in Hamburg, West Germany. It compares experiences in the United States and concludes that the West German acceptance and use of women in the uniformed service is five to ten years behind the United States but that the German Police have very deliberately sought to create equal opportunities for women over the past decade. Expectations are that more women will be recruited into the German police service, but that it will be eight to ten years before large numbers of females are employed in the uniformed service or in the higher ranks of the German police forces.     

论宪法发挥作用的政治条件

宪法要发挥作用,不仅取决于宪法自身的优良品质,还取决于其他方面的条件。宪法发挥作用的政治条件包括民主、宪政和违宪审查机制的建立。     

明初重典治吏探析

朱明王朝建政初期，加强中央集权，反映在司法上就是“三国三典”，重新兴起重刑主义思想以廓清吏治，以期达到“以刑去刑，刑去事成”的目的。大兴律例，同时法外用刑。从立法的思想、经济背景以及社会后果来讨论明代的重典治吏，以期从中得到启示和反思，探讨法治之路。     

对环境标志制度纳入WTO规则体系的悖论分析

贸易与环境的关系问题是当今国际社会关注的焦点问题.环境标志制度作为贸易与环境的连结点之一,是否应纳入WTO规则体系呢?国际社会对此问题争论激烈,多数国家主张将环境标志制度纳入WTO规则体系.然而,将环境标志制度内化于WTO规则体系弊端突出,外化于WTO规则体系优势明显.环境标志制度可独立于WTO规则体系,并能与之达到和谐--实现贸易与环境的利益平衡.我国应迎合WTO制度的要求不断完善环境标志制度.     

Stepping into Line

Rashid Nurgaliyev: The police will be formed in a new way.     

Bringing Back the States: A Congressional Perspective on the Fall of Slavery in America

In the aftermath of America's Civil War, national lawmakers who chronicled the fall of slavery described the North as a terrain of states whose representatives assembled in Congress, as evidenced in Henry Wilson's The Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America (1872–77) and Alexander Stephens’s A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States (1868–70). Beginning in the early 1900s, scholars who helped establish the field of American constitutional history redescribed the national government as the voice of the Northern people and the foe of the states, as evidenced in Henry Wilson's The Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America (1872–1877) and Alexander Stephens's A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States (1868–1870), a first generation of scholars writing during the Progressive Era redescribed the national government as the voice of the Northern people and the foe of the states, as evidenced in William A. Dunning's Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction (1898), John W. Burgess's The Civil War and the Constitution (1901–1906), and James G. Randall's Constitutional Problems Under Lincoln (1926). Although a second generation of scholars uncovered traces of the lawmakers' perspective of states, new efforts in the wake of the civil rights movement to understand the internal workings of political parties and the contributions of ordinary Americans kept the study of national lawmakers and their states on the margins of inquiry, as evidenced in leading revisionist histories of Reconstruction, including Harold Hyman's A More Perfect Union: The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution (1973), Michael Les Benedict's A Compromise of Principle: Congressional Republicans and Reconstruction, 1863–1869 (1974a), and Eric Foner's Reconstruction: An Unfinished Revolution (1988). Today, the terrain of Northern states remains in the backdrop, as illustrated in recent studies featuring the wartime national government, including James Oakes's Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865 (2012) and Mark E. Neely, Jr.'s Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation: Constitutional Conflict in the American Civil War (2011), as well as studies of the mechanisms of constitutional change during Reconstruction, including relevant sections of Bruce Ackerman's We the People II: Transformations (1998) and Akhil Reed Amar's America's Constitution: A Biography (2005). This review essay argues that incorporating the states back into this century‐old framework will open new lines of inquiry and provide a more complete account of federalism's role in the fall of slavery. In particular, a return to the archives suggests that in the uncertain context of mid‐nineteenth‐century America, slavery's leading opponents in Congress saw the Constitution's federal logic not simply as an obstacle, but as a crucial tool with which to mobilize collective action and accommodate wartime opposition at a time when no one could say for sure what would remain of the United States.     

Bringing the State into Constitutional Theory: Public Authority and the Constitution

This article brings the state into constitutional theory by presenting a theory of the development of the American state from the late 19th century to the present. The focus of the theory is the ability of the national state to exercise sovereignty or public authority over civil society. The main thesis is that the Constitution did not establish a government with a level of public authority adequate to the requirements of a modem democratic state. The result was a mismatch between the demands of civil society and the competence of state institutions, causing a reorganization of the political institutions of civil society in the early 20th century and a crisis of public authority in the 1960s. The United States continues to experience the consequences of an imbalance between the state institutions established by an 18th-century constitution and 20th-century democratic politics.     

发挥检察职能促进构建和谐社会

“强化法律监督,维护公平正义”是检察工作的本质和规律,也是实现公平正义、构建和谐社会的必然要求。检察机关作为法律监督机关,是维护社会稳定的重要力量,是保障公平正义的重要防线,在构建社会主义和谐社会中肩负着重要任务。检察机关应进一步加强法律监督能力建设,积极发挥检察职能,有效惩治与预防犯罪,促进在全社会实现公平与正义,为构建社会主义和谐社会创造良好的法制环境。     

发挥律师职能 促进“平安和谐吉林”建设——吉林律师参与社会矛盾化解工作情况的调研报告

全国政法工作电视电话会议作出了深入推进社会矛盾化解、社会管理创新、公正廉洁执法三项重点工作的总体部署。律师作为民主法制建设的重要力量，在维护社会公平正义，依法化解社会矛盾，促进社会和谐稳定中肩负着重要职责。为深入推进律师参与社会矛盾化解，     

关于民族地区充分发挥律师作用的几点思考

在大家普遍意识中,律师的作用就是"打官司",基本都是有了纠纷才想起找律师处理,甚至把律师的作用等同于"打官司",这种认识过于狭隘,其实律师除了"打官司"之外,还有很多重要的作用,例如参与化解社会矛盾、担任法律顾问、推进依法行政等.特别是在民族地区,律师在解决社会矛盾方面更是起着十分重要的作用,能够第一个了解社会的潜在矛盾,将民族矛盾和宗教矛盾的解决纳入司法程序,从而将矛盾消灭于萌芽状态,促进和谐社会的建立.     

充分发挥司法行政在推进社会管理创新中的独特作用

深入推进社会管理创新，是当前和今后很长一个时期政法工作的重大主题之一。近年来，广州市司法局主动适应新形势发展需要，大胆进行社会管理方式方法、体制机制创新，取得了成效，积累了经验。在社会管理创新日益重要的时代背景下，司法行政工作的独特作用更得以凸显。司法行政工作如何立足自身职能，发挥更加重要的独特作用，是值得认真研究的重大现实课题。     

论公民请愿自由

请愿自由是公民所享有的一项基本政治权利 ,广泛性、强制性、公共性及参与性是其基本特征。在现代社会 ,请愿权具有重要的宪政价值 ,已经为越来越多的国家的宪法和一些国际人权公约所确认。请愿自由入宪不仅对我国当前的改革、发展与稳定有着特殊意义 ,而且还具有现实的可能性。为此 ,我国应当在宪法典中明确承认请愿权概念 ,并制定专门法律     

浅析新形势下劳教(戒毒)场所如何充分发挥劳动生产的习艺和矫治功能

随着《禁毒法》的颁布实施和禁毒工作形势的需要，全国各地都在积极探索各种行之有效的戒毒模式，纵观各种矫治模式，习艺劳动都占着极为重要的位置。毋庸置疑，习艺劳动是矫治场所中教育挽救矫治对象一项常规而义极为重要的载体和途径，其本质就是对矫治对象的不良思想、行为通过渐进式的引导和强化，促其内化成为一种常态习惯模式，树立正确劳动观来矫治恶习，培养劳动习惯和适应社会的技能，以此提高教育挽救质量，达到矫治的目的。     

在整合中凸现职能在创新中发挥优势——对嘉兴市开暖“法律服务助推发展”专项行动的几点思考

2009年以来，浙江省嘉兴市司法行政系统根据市委、市政府关于开展“项目推进年”、“优化服务年”活动的总体要求，以及省司法厅《关于深入学习实践科学发展观服务经济转型升级的若干意见》等一系列文件精神，结合工作实际，整合职能资源，发挥职能优势，在全市组织开展了“法律服务助推发展”专项行动，取得了显著成效，不仅助推了嘉兴市经济社会发展，广受群众、企业欢迎和好评，也得到省厅、市委、市政府领导的批示肯定。     

论律师在城中村改造中的积极作用

城中村是我国城市化进程中产生的一种特殊现象，它对城市化的质量，对城市的持续发展和社会进步带来了不可忽视的影响，影响着城市空间形态、社会管理、经济发展、文化和社会生活。因此，改造城中村是实现城市物质形态现代化、城市社会结构和社会管理现代化、改善城市环境和社会治安的需要，也是盘活城市资产，提高城市土地利用率，使城市资产升值的需要。     

关于民族地区充分发挥律师作用的点思考

在大家普遍意识中，律师的作用就是“打官司”，基本都是有了纠纷才想起找律师处理，甚至把律师的作用等同于“打官司”，这种认识过于狭隘，其实律师除了“打官司”之外，还有很多重要的作用，例如参与化解社会矛盾、担任法律顾问、推进依法行政等。特别是在民族地区，律师在解决社会矛盾方面更是起着十分重要的作用，能够第一个了解社会的潜在矛盾，将民族矛盾和宗教矛盾的解决纳入司法程序，从而将矛盾消灭于萌芽状态，促进和谐社会的建立。