中国法制近代化过程中的三部著作权法

一、中国近代三部著作权法 1898年,光绪皇帝实行"新政",从此中国法制近代化的事业开始萌动.1902年,清廷命沈家本、伍廷芳为修律大臣,设修订法律馆,开始翻译欧美各国法律并拟订中国之新型法律.在中国民商事法制近代化过程中,著作权法也经历了一个从个别的公告特许到普遍的法律授与的快速变化,并陆续在清末、北洋和国民政府时期推出了三部著作权法.     

Multiculturalism and the Willingness of Citizens to Defer to Law and to Legal Authorities

A key problem in trying to manage diverse societies is finding social policies that will be acceptable to all individuals and groups. Studies suggest that this problem may not be as intractable as is often believed, since people's acceptance of policies is shaped to an important degree by the fairness of the procedures used by authorities to make policy. When policies are fairly made, they gain widespread support, even among those who may feel that the consequences of the policy for them or their group are undesirable or even unfair. These findings support an optimistic view of the ability of authorities to manage diverse societies. On the other hand, research suggests that the ability of procedural justice to bridge differences among individuals and groups may not be equally strong under all conditions. People's willingness to accept policies is more influenced by procedural justice judgments when they identify with the society that the authorities represent and view them as representing a group of which they are members. They are less influenced by procedural justice judgments when they identify more strongly with subgroups than with society and/or view the authorities as representatives of a group to which they do not belong.     

论动物福利立法的限度及其定位——兼谈动物福利立法中动物的法律地位

从道德和道德法律化的角度看,给予动物福利其实就是科加人对动物的道德义务,而动物福利立法的实质便是把这种道德义务上升为法律义务,即实现动物道德的法律化。不过,动物并未就此获得法律主体地位,它只是一种"物格"弱于一般客体物的"准物"而已。由于道德法律化是有条件的,动物福利立法也应有限度,只有那些获得社会普遍认同和共同遵守的基本动物道德,才可通过立法程序上升为法律规范。对此,我们可用"利益关系分析法"和"利益层次分析法"来大致界定"基本动物道德"的范围;用自卫原则、对称原则、最少损害原则、分配正义原则以及补偿正义原则,来对动物福利立法进行较明确的定位,以妥善处理动物福利和人的利益的关系。     

From Operational Strategy to Serving the Customer: Technology and Ethics in Welfare Law

We previously wrote critically on the UK's welfare computerization programme of the 1980s and in this article we investigate the latest programme. Our argument is that welfare is being seen and is being understood in a technological context rather than a truly welfare one— that is, that the technology behind the computerization projects model views of how welfare recipients should be processed. In the 1980s, the computer model that was being applied was one of data processing (i.e. the 'business model'). In the 2000s, it is the model of computer-based communication (i.e. the 'Internet model'). But further, the new technological communication model is being effused with an ethical aspect— that those who do not communicate are lacking in socio-ethical responsibility to society, and are deemed not to be truly living up to their role as citizens.     

控制欧洲金融危机:为何竞争法是解决危机的一部分,而非危机问题的一部分

21世纪第一次世界性的金融危机给全世界的公共机构,包括所有的竞争法执法机构,带来前所未有的挑战.在欧洲,欧洲竞争委员会通过为市场经营者提供明确之适用法律﹑稳定竞争法实施以及防止成员国金融救济方案与救济措施产生消极影响等一系列措施,提高了危机反应速度与决策快速审查能力,为遭受危机影响的企业提供了一个高效的司法保障体系.同时,增强了竞争法在金融危机这一特殊情况下的适应能力,保护市场竞争与其他重要的经济政策融洽结合.无疑,欧洲竞争法在稳定欧洲金融市场,消除危机影响中扮演了重要之角色.     

由一起行政复议案件引发的对消防法律、消防管理的思考

本文通过介绍一起因消防设计备案引起的行政复议案件,反映出现行消防设计备案制度、火灾隐患整改制度、消防安全举报投诉制度和公安消防体制等方面存在一些问题,并就此问题进行了认真分析研究,并提出了完善消防设计备案抽查制度、规范消防安全举报投诉的处理程序、加强对建筑管理(行政复议)等方面法律法规的学习、理顺公安机关与消防机构的隶属关系等加强和改进消防工作的意见和建议.     

从公法到私法:我国《商标法》的应然转向——以我国《商标法》第三次修订为背景

商标法是公法还是私法,是决定其发展方向的关键问题.从法律文本角度而言,我国<商标法>具有浓厚的行政管理色彩,是公法.<商标法(第三次修改送审稿)>进一步巩固和强化了<商标法>的公法属性.然而,不管是国内学界还是国际条约抑或国外立法,都将商标权视为财产权、私权,都将商标法定位为财产法、私法.我国已由高度集权的计划经济向市场经济转型,再将<商标法>定性为公法,已不合时宜.<商标法>在第三次修订时应回归其私法本性,修改立法宗旨、重构商标确权程序、删除不必要的监督管理条款和修订商标侵权判断标准等.     

The Sooner the Better: The Arguments for the Use of Extended Welfare Assessment Grids in Animal Welfare Cases

Animals are protected under national animal welfare legislation, against intentional acts of cruelty and a failure to act, resulting in neglect and causing an animal to suffer. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) bears the responsibility of investigating and prosecuting the majority of animal welfare offences in England and Wales. In recent years, how they operate has been criticised, and it has been debated whether they should be able to bring private prosecutions, and what their role should actually be. This criticism calls for a change in the way in which the RSPCA approach cases of animal welfare, to strengthen their continuing role in ensuring positive animal welfare is achieved and, where not, prosecuted. This paper outlines the need for a new approach and how it can be managed. Honess and Wolfensohn (Altern Lab Anim 38:205, 2010) have developed an Extended Welfare Assessment Grid (EWAG), a visualisation mapping tool of welfare impact, which has been useful for assessing the welfare of animals used in laboratories. This tool has proven so useful, veterinarians are now using it in veterinary hospitals to help assess whether an animal is likely to further deteriorate, due to disease and illness, and to show any short-term welfare impact on the animal (Williams in UFAW conference, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2018). This paper will explore the potential for the EWAG to be adapted to assess the welfare of animals when owners are not meeting the welfare needs of their companion animals. RSPCA can use it to support their assessments of the current welfare of an animal under a person’s ownership and whether the animal’s welfare will deteriorate should they remain under that ownership. The EWAG will be a useful tool for those working in animal welfare, such as the RSPCA, to help organisations to intervene earlier, work in partnership with an owner, and support their claims of a risk to animal welfare.

     

德国当代私法体系变迁中的消费者法——以欧盟法为背景

2002年,作为《德国民法典》核心的债法编,在施行了100多年之后,经历了一次极具深度的现代化改革。其中,消费者法扮演了十分重要的角色。一方面,近数十年来出台的大部分消费者单行法,被融入了民法典;另一方面,私法上最重要的消费者保护手段,即消费者撤回权制度,在民法典中得到了     

Event Studies and the Law: Part II: Empirical Studies of Corporate Law

This article is the second part of a review of the event studymethodology, which has proved to be one of the most successfuluses of econometrics in policy analysis. In this part we focuson the methodology's application to corporate law and corporategovernance issues. Event studies have played an important rolein the making of corporate law and in corporate law scholarship.The reason for this input is twofold. First, there is a matchbetween the methodology and subject matter: the goal of corporatelaw is to increase shareholder wealth, and event studies providea metric for measurement of the impact upon stock prices ofpolicy decisions. Second, because the participants in corporatelaw debates share the objective of corporate law, to adopt policiesthat enhance shareholder wealth, their disagreements are overthe means to achieve that end. Hence, the discourse can be empiricallyinformed. The article concludes by sketching the methodology'suse in evaluating the economic effects of regulation. Whileevent studies' usefulness for policy analysis is by now familiarin the corporate law setting, we hope that our two-part reviewwill suggest appropriate applications to other fields of law.     

海峡两岸冲突法反致制度立法初探——兼谈反致与两岸民商事法律冲突的解决

在海峡两岸的冲突法立法中,反致制度有着不同的表现形式与特点。我国台湾地区立法一直对反致持肯定的态度,规定接受当事人本国法的广义的反致,立法较为全面。但在涉及有关合同、国籍的消极冲突、区际冲突等问题的法律适用时是否采用反致尚存疑问,其反致制度不论在内容上还是立法技术上都有需要完善之处。祖国大陆现行立法对反致制度没有明确的规定,从《示范法》及《民法(草案)》的有关内容来看,主流观点不是一概地拒绝反致,表现出例外接受反致的立法倾向。反致有利于实现冲突法的价值取向,有利于解决海峡两岸特殊的区际法律冲突,祖国大陆应借鉴他人的立法经验,明确接受并建立自己科学、合理的反致制度。     

Processes of Criminalization in Domestic and International Law: Considering Sexual Violence

This article explores some conceptual issues regarding criminalization at the domestic and international levels. It attempts to explain what it means to say that a particular kind of conduct has been criminalized, and considers how the processes of criminalization differ in domestic and international law. In unpacking these issues, the article takes the examples of rape and sex trafficking in domestic and international legal systems, explores whether these offenses are criminalized more broadly in international criminal law as compared to domestic criminal law, and briefly outlines possible explanations for this disparity.     

Folktales of Legality: Family Law in the Procedural Republic The Narrative Structure of Family Law

This article explores the narrative structure offamily law where divorce is available on ground ofirretrievable breakdown following separation for oneyear. It argues that contemporary no-fault regimesexemplify law's procedural republic, a space with itsown legal, ethical and political requirements whichhas little if any connection to the life-worlds of theparties. Through an analysis of intractable parentingdisputes it argues that the interaction of no-faultdivorce, the requirement to have regard to the bestinterests of the child and the principle that childrenhave a right to contact with both parents has led tothe creation of particular narrative forms. Thesenarrative forms are characterised by their absolutismand map the unresolved grievances surrounding maritalbreakdown onto parenting disputes where the statutoryrequirements map them onto particular narratives andcounter-narratives. In this process, the narrativesof expert witnesses play an increasingly prominentrole, as do the naïve narratives put forward bylitigants in person. The article argues that thesenarratives are, in important ways, fictions and thatthey are compelled by the procedural requirements ofno-fault divorce. It argues further that thesefictions are a consequence of the empty narrative spaceat the heart of family law.     

Environmental Law and Policy in the People's Republic of China

The purpose of this paper is to take a look at the main reasonsfor the apparent ineffectiveness of the environmental regulatoryregime in the People's Republic of China. In order to assessthe current state of China's environmental legislation framework,an overview of all major environmental codifications is provided,firstly, by establishing the institutional and historical contextand, secondly, by reviewing environmental legislation and policies.This examination will reveal that China's environmental protectionregime is surprisingly comprehensive, even though statutorydeficiencies exist, and will highlight enforcement tensionsbetween the centre and the periphery—a result of decentralizationand growing local protectionism—as major obstacles tothe implementation process.