私法视野中的新闻自由

在私法视野中,表达自由在本质上可以归结为一般人格权,是人格独立、人格自由、人格尊严的具体化。从民法上的意思表示理论出发,新闻自由表现为采访自由、写作自由、发表自由、编辑自由、表现形式自由这一环环紧扣的连续性过程。新闻自由的演变史与民法的现代化发展史之间存在根深蒂固的契合。思想的自由市场理论与私法自治之间亦存在不可忽略的勾连。     

“人本说”:国际私法一种新学说

随着时代的发展、新技术革命的影响,整个国际社会的交往已经摆脱了地域的限制,涉外民商事关系出现主体多元化、法律行为空间偶然化的特征,为了将国际民商事交往中崇尚人本关怀的社会价值加以确认与弘扬,要求国际私法的原则、规则适时进行调整。"人本说"认为:解决涉外私权争议是国际私法的存在基础;明确保护私权是国际私法的中心任务;弱化国家主权在国际私法中的影响;提高"人"在国际私法中的主体地位,确立意思自治原则为选法之首要规则;保护弱者权益的人文关怀应渗透到国际私法的更多层面;应在总则中引入例外条款,限定最密切联系原则的适用范围;给予法官和当事人更具确定性和可预见性的冲突规则。     

有关法律与自由的问题

就人类活动而言,法律主要表现为规范、引导和限制人的行为;自由则是满足人行为的自主与自为。两者之间似乎是一对矛盾,我们怎样认识和理解这对矛盾呢? 讨论这个问题之前,先让我们来认识自由行为的主体——人和自由行为的环境——社会之间的关系。马克思把人的本质看成是“真正的社会联系”,是“社会关系的总和”,是“人的真正共同体”。同时,全体的人又总是从属于一定的社会群体、阶层和阶级,生活在特定的历史时段。因此,那种用超社会、超阶级、超时代的观点来界定人的自由概念是不可取的。     

自由与和谐:不动产财产权的私法限制

私法的重要目的与任务是保护私人财产所有权,其中最为重要的是保护不动产财产权。在现代社会,财产权负有社会义务,其行使自由应当受到一定的限制已成为人们共识。为此,各国私法在对财产权行使自由保护的同时,普遍加强了对财产权尤其是不动产财产权行使的限制,并不断提出更高层次的限制要求。在此过程中,应遵循禁止权利滥用、公序良俗与诚实信用、情势限制与容忍义务等基本原则。只有有限的自由与适度的限制,才能达到社会各利益主体间的平衡,并最终实现社会的公平与和谐。     

私法程序理论的法理学意义

传统法理学理论仅将静态的法律关系内容(仅利、义务或者权力)作为它们的基石范畴,忽视了法律行为在法理学中的应有地位。私法程序理论揭示了程序在私法中的普遍存在及其重要功能,证明了程序不仅仅是公法的“专利”。“程序”应当与“权利”一起作为法理学的基石范畴,构建以权利一程序关系为基本架构的法理学范畴逻辑体系,以便从法理学的层面消除重实体轻程序等流弊。     

试论我国国际私法学说的创立

对于西方现代的国际私法学说,应兴利除弊。如何对待外国法,如何对待国际条约,如何设计具体的国际私法制度,应本着扩大国际交往,增进我国人民的利益的精神加以解决。国民利益增进说在这样的考虑下应运而生。     

行政私法理论在合同制度中的展开——论行政私法合同的内涵、性质与界分

面对行政实践中行政机关和法律、法规授权的组织广泛采用新型合同的情况,原有的行政合同和民事合同理论出现了解释上的困境,有必要借鉴行政私法(行为)的理论创造行政私法合同这一概念。这类合同有其独特的内涵和法律特征。行政私法合同综合了公法与私法的双重因素,是具有行政法、私法双重性质的合同。行政私法合同与行政合同、私法合同之间均存在着界限,亟需探讨此类合同的特殊法律问题。     

言论与行为二元论：表达自由立场上的刑法行为理论考量

历来对思想的控制无不是以对言论的控制为表征和途径的,自古罗马以来,“任何人不因思想受处罚”的法律格言,从未阻绝此后漫长历史时期统治者对言论自由的钳制。刑法学家将发表言论一概解释为行为,非但无法保障思想自由,可能与其初衷正相反;借鉴美国判例中“言论——行为”两分法,将具有表达意义的行为在一定条件下解释为言论,不仅是对宪法中言论自由原则的呼应,而且对思想自由保护的现实意义也是深远的。     

Towards a European Law of Contracts

Abstract: European contract law has recently been the subject of increasing attention and intense debate. In addressing this issue, the following contribution departs from traditional analyses of the necessity, feasibility, and opportunity to harmonise national legislation on contractual relations. Instead, the author seeks to demonstrate that, with the objective of promoting the internal market and developing trade within it, EC authorities have long since given birth to a genuine European contract law. Beginning with the analysis of a body of EC directives, this article argues that the genuine nature of this law can be ascertained despite its limits or rather by taking these limits into account. The important rights granted to different contracting parties (consumer‐purchaser, consumer‐tourist, and certain professionals) stand in contrast to the formal incoherence and fragmented character of the legal texts. The article concludes that, in analysing the notion of European contact law, it is necessary to adapt a functional approach rather than a formal one, because the functional approach has dominated European integration and the European law of contracts since its inception.     

Towards Law and Music

Through a review of Sara Ramshaw’s, Justice as Improvisation, the essay evaluates recent scholarly directions in the interdisciplinary field of law and music. The essay considers both methodological and epistemological questions motivating this scholarship, and argues that there yet remains the opportunity to pursue with even greater specificity the meaning of music, in terms of its own vocabulary and genre. The new field of law and music is slowly but surely combining these formal considerations with an ever richer vocabulary, and a richer inter-disciplinary dialogue not just about jazz but with it. What might have been a somewhat sterile exercise in virtuosity is turning into a fully-fledged interdisciplinary claim, with its own methodology and its own epistemology, capable of illuminating not just law or music, but both in light of the other.     

法律行为理论在欧洲私法史上的产生及术语表达问题研究

法律行为理论在欧洲私法史上产生的前提条件是中世纪社会组织和经济体制的转变,要求在法律上承认个人自主决定其法律领域。法律行为理论的产生,就其实质内涵而言,受到意志论的法学思想的影响;就其形式角度而言,受到欧洲近代法学对人类行为所具有的法律意义的理论分析的影响。在法律行为的概念表述上,存在德国式的二元术语体系与法国式的一元体系的区别。中国应该采用二元术语体系,以“法效行为”指称“一般意义上具有法律后果的行为”,以“法律行为”指称“产生行为人的意志所欲求的法律后果的行为”。     

1999年国际公法和国际私法学研究的回顾与展望

一、国际法学部分 (一)概述 1999年是国际法学的研究形势较好的一年。一方面,今年恰逢第一次海牙和平会议召开一百周年和日内瓦国际人道法四公约签订五十周年,同时也是联合国国际法十年的最后一年。国际法得到广泛普及,遵守、维护国际法成为共识。另一方面,新殖民主义、霸权主义抬头,发生了以美国为首的北约无视联合国的权威对南斯拉夫联盟共和国进行长达78天的空中打击和轰炸中国驻南大使馆、造成我使馆人员伤亡及财...     

Corporate Governance: Towards a Theory of Regulatory Shift

Providing effective corporate governance regulation and controls is a contemporary challenge to all law makers. There exists a need to restore investor confidence while seeking to facilitate and encourage enterprise. This paper reflects on the traditional choice between shareholder versus stakeholder models of corporate governance and suggests that these are inappropriate in the light of emerging news theories of the firm. Instead this paper suggests that law makers should accommodate a shift away from the traditional paradigms of these models in favour of a processual approach of governance. This would require a recognition of the tensions that exist in the regulation of corporate governance and invite the application of a collibratory process to the control of governance. The development and reform of directors’ duties and liabilities, in the UK, is provided as an illustration of the need for the recognised application of a collibratory process. Within that we also consider the application of the economists concept of ‘rent-seeking’ and the conflict between private property rights and public interference.JEL M14, D72, K22, K33     

Towards a Jurisprudence of Emergency: Colonialism and the Rule of Law

This article revisits an infamous incident in colonial India -- the Amritsar massacre of 1919 -- in order to explore larger questions of the place of martial law and emergency in jurisprudence. By focusing on modes of power in the colonial realm, and the productive role of the colonies in the conception of modern law, it tests the claims of a rule of law and declarations of emergency. The argument tries to show how these two terms are, in fact, relational in theories of colonial discourse and of legal positivism. As such, it reads H.L.A. Hart’s, The Concept of Law and instances from the colonial archive against one another. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

崭新的全球化视野——李双元教授国际私法理论述评

二十一世纪全球化趋势的增强已成为一种不争的客观事实。全球化变迁和复杂了国际社会关系 ,促进了国际私法趋同化和统一化进程 ,大大增强了国际社会本位观念 ,使国际民商秩序重新浮出水面。国际私法的理论与实践应该适应国际社会关系的变迁和需要而产生和发展 ,并逐渐融入全球化进程。     

从"自由"到自由:劳动法的理念缘起与制度变迁

平等自由的法理念在劳动法上的实现经历了曲折的历史过程.在资本主义经济发展初期,劳动者的自由权因为劳动关系的从属性而在合同法的框架下被消解殆尽.严格限制甚至剥夺劳动者的自由是当时资产阶级朝野的共识.然而,这样的法律制度所带来的社会后果使资本主义政府逐渐认识到,"正义"在劳动关系中的实现不能简单依靠劳资双方的个别自由谈判,它需要政府的介入和劳资团体力量的相互制衡.劳动法正是在这样的理念支持下发展起来的.我国劳动关系的发展虽迥异于西方国家,但劳动法理念的缘起与制度变迁的理性脉络却与之有异曲同工之妙.