责任意识、公平感与组织公民行为之关系研究

旨在考察企业员工的责任意识和公平感对组织公民行为的预测效应,及公平感在责任意识与组织公民行为之间的调节效应.以188名企业员工及其直接主管为被试,运用问卷调查法收集数据,通过相关分析、多元分层、回归分析等统计方法考察变量间关系.结果发现:在控制了人口统计学变量后,员工的责任意识能显著提高个人、群体和组织公民行为可解释的变异.员工责任意识和公平感都可预测组织公民行为的水平,责任意识对组织公民行为的预测作用在很大程度上受公平感的负向调节,即当员工公平感较强时,责任意识与组织公民行为之间的相关较小,当员工公平感欠缺时,两者相关较大.     

组织公民行为研究进展

自从Smith、Organ&Near(1983)和Organ(1988)年正式提出组织公民行为(OCB)概念,OCB成为研究热点.本文主要介绍了OCB的概念、维度、前因变量、结果变量等方面的研究进展,并展望了OCB未来的研究方向.     

国外公务员组织公民行为研究评述

组织公民行为(OCB)是一种有益于组织但未在组织正式薪酬体系中得到明确或直接确认的员工自愿性行为。其对组织的重要价值已得到诸多研究的支持。然而,目前大多数国外OCB研究主要集中于营利部门,针对公务员OCB研究却十分匮乏。论文通过常用外文数据库(如Web of Science、EBSCO、Pro Quest、Emerald等)中有关国外公共部门和公务员OCB方面的文章梳理,围绕其概念、内容维度、前置变量和结果变量等方面进行介绍、分析并归纳总结以期推进对该领域的后继研究。     

限制抑或激活：繁文缛节如何影响公务员变革行为?

繁文缛节具有负担高且功能缺失两大特征,是阻碍组织创新的桎梏。近年来,破除繁文缛节已成为党中央推进制度建设、激励公务员担当作为的重要举措。遗憾的是,现有国内文献对于公务员繁文缛节的实证研究还较为匮乏。论文首次基于激活理论与限制理论等多重理论视角,深入探讨了公务员繁文缛节与变革型组织公民行为这一典型的变革行为两者之间的关系、作用机制与边界条件,旨在为深刻理解党中央加强制度建设、力戒繁文缛节的政策精神提供来自微观层面的经验证据。以217名福建公务员追踪数据为样本,构建了一个有调节的倒U形中介效应模型。实证研究发现:繁文缛节与公务员变革型组织公民行为之间存在倒U形曲线关系,公共服务动机在上述二者关系中发挥了部分中介作用,而组织支持感正向调节了繁文缛节与公共服务动机的倒U形曲线关系。此外,组织支持感并不能调节公共服务动机在繁文缛节与变革型组织公民行为倒U形曲线关系中所发挥的间接作用。研究为繁文缛节等限制因素与变革型组织公民行为等相似概念的关系研究及其作用机制提供了新的视角,也为完善我国的制度建设、加强干部队伍管理提供了有意义的启示。     

高承诺工作系统对员工组织公民行为的影响——基于自我决定理论的视角

从自我决定理论的视角,通过对浙江省制造业和服务业企业员工进行问卷调查,运用层级回归、被调节的中介效应等方法进行统计分析,探究员工基本心理需要满足在高承诺工作系统与员工组织公民行为之间所起的中介作用,考察领导—成员交换的调节效应。研究结果表明:高承诺工作系统对员工组织公民行为有正向影响;员工基本心理需要满足在高承诺工作系统与员工组织公民行为之间起中介作用;领导—成员交换对高承诺工作系统与员工基本心理需要满足之间的关系具有调节作用;领导—成员交换调节了员工基本心理需要满足在高承诺工作系统与组织公民行为之间所起的中介效应。     

多样性管理、心理福利与公务员的周边绩效——基于美国联邦政府的调查

近年来,随着越来越多的女性、少数族群进入美国联邦政府的管理层,公共管理学术界和实务界开始关注多样性管理的影响,但相关研究主要集中在多样性管理对公务员任务绩效的影响,鲜有文献深入研究政府部门多样性管理与公务员周边绩效的关系。论文根据已有的多样性管理理论、心理福利理论、周边绩效理论和程序公平感理论,首次以美国联邦政府为背景实证检验了多样性管理与公务员周边绩效之间的关系,以及心理福利、程序公平感在其中所发挥的中介、调节作用。以2015年美国联邦政府421 748名公务员的大样本调查为依据,研究发现:多样性管理能够显著影响公务员的周边绩效,且心理福利在其中发挥了部分中介作用;程序公平感在多样性管理与心理福利的关系中具有显著的正向调节作用。论文的研究结论有利于丰富政府部门多样性管理的理论研究,并且为政府部门提高员工周边绩效提供了有价值的政策启示。     

强制采样与人权保障之冲突与平衡

强制采样与公民的人身自由权、身体权和隐私权等之间存在紧张的冲突关系。我国有必要借鉴西方法治国家关于强制采样的立法经验,在《刑事诉讼法》再修改时将强制采样作为一种独立的侦查行为,并对强制采样的适用对象、程序、被采样人的权利保障及救济机制等做出规定,以实现强制采样与人权保障之平衡。     

行政程序法的两大模式——两大法系行政程序法之比较

<正> 一、行政法和宪法 在大陆法系国家,行政程序法是行政法的组成部分,行政法是独立于宪法的一个“最基本的法律部门”。在大陆法系学者看来,宪法是调整“治者与被治者的关系”的法;是规定“全体对全体的比率”关系,即“公民”对“臣民”的比率关系,或者说“公民”与国家、国家与“臣民”的比率关系的法;是“规定一个国家的一整套政治制度”的“根本法”。然而,行政法却是“关于行政之法,属于行政之法”,是“规律行政及行政权对于人民关系之法规总体”,包括行政权及其行使的程序和原则,公民在受到行政行为侵害时的救济措施,以及行政机关的组织形式、行政机关颁布规章的权力和程序、文官制度、政府对财产的征用和管理、公共事业、行政责任等内     

论民事证据排除程序的结构

证据排除程序的结构,是指排除程序中各方主体之间的法律地位和法律关系。本文以证据排除程序是否独立于证明力评价程序及本案诉讼程序为线索,对两大法系证据排除程序的具体阶段构造进行了考察。按照当事人权利与法院权力的关系,可以将证据排除程序的横向结构分为行政程序结构、非讼结构与诉讼结构。这三种结构的正当性依次增强而效率性依次减弱,需要根据具体情况进行设置。     

论民事证据排除程序的结构

证据排除程序的结构,是指排除程序中各方主体之间的法律地位和法律关系。本文以证据排除程序是否独立于证明力评价程序及本案诉讼程序为线索,对两大法系证据排除程序的具体阶段构造进行了考察。按照当事人权利与法院权力的关系,可以将证据排除程序的横向结构分为行政程序结构、非讼结构与诉讼结构。这三种结构的正当性依次增强而效率性依次减弱,需要根据具体情况进行设置。     

Procedural preferences,perceptions of fairness,and compliance with outcomes

Mental health professionals (N=198) read a vignette describing malpractice case and were asked to imagine themselves in the role of defendant. Using a between-subjects design, each subject was offered two possible trial procedures for resolving the case, the standard adversary procedure (ADVERS) and one of five possible hybrid procedures. Using scales that juxtaposed these two procedures, subjects provided judgments on 12 procedural justice dimensions. A series of regression analyses examined the most important determinants of PREFERENCE judgments, FAIRNESS ratings, and ratings of imagined COMPLIANCE with trial outcomes. PREFERENCE raings were significantly influenced by perceived FAIRNESS of the procedures and by OUTCOME CONTROL. Perceived ACCURACY of the available trial procedures contributed most of the unique variance explained for dependent measures of FAIRNESS AND COMPLIANCE. Results are discussed in terms of the procedural justice attributes of alternatives to the standard adversary process for resolving medical malpractice cases.Division 41 Presidential Address presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association in Toronto, August, 1993. I would like to acknowledge the substantial assistance of Mary Murrin with the data analysis, and to thank Richard Wiener for comments on a earlier draft of this article.     

A Genetic Basis of Economic Egalitarianism

Studies of political attitudes and ideologies have sought to explain their origin. They have been assumed to be a result of political values ingrained during the process of socialization until early adulthood, as well as personal political experience, party affiliation, social strata, etc. As a consequence of these environment-dominated explanations, most biology-based accounts of political preference have never been considered. However, in the light of evidence accumulated in recent years, the view that political attitudes are detached from any physical properties became unsustainable. In this paper, we investigate the origins of social justice attitudes, with special focus on economic egalitarianism and its potential genetic basis. We use Minnesota Twin Study data from 2008, collected from samples of monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs (n = 573) in order to estimate the additive genetic, shared environmental, and unique environmental components of social justice attitudes. Our results show that the large portion of the variance in a four-item economic egalitarianism scale can be attributed to genetic factor. At the same time, shared environment, as a socializing factor, has no significant effect. The effect of environment seems to be fully reserved for unique personal experience. Our findings further problematize a long-standing view that social justice attitudes are dominantly determined by socialization.     

Toward the Assessment of Procedural and Distributive Justice in Resolving Family Disputes

The first phase of this study focused on the development of comprehensive, conceptually integrated measures of procedural and distributive justice in the context of family decision making. In the second phase, these measures were used to examine older adolescents' justice appraisals of specific family disputes and the relation of these justice appraisals to family systems functioning along dimensions of conflict and cohesion. A Family Justice Inventory was constructed, which included two global indices (one for procedural justice and one for outcome fairness) and 13 subscales: 9 measuring specific facets of the procedural justice construct and 4 measuring specific dimensions of the distributive justice construct. Factor analysis revealed that the 13 Family Justice Inventory subscales could be reduced to 5 interpretable procedural justice factors (personal respect, status recognition, process control, correction, and trust) and 4 interpretable distributive justice factors (decision control, need, equality, and equity). Using procedural justice factor scores in regression analyses, personal respect, status recognition, correction, and trust each accounted for unique variance in family conflict and family cohesion. Using distributive justice factor scores in regression analyses, both decision control and need accounted for unique variance in family conflict and family cohesion. Using both procedural and distributive justice factor scores in regression analyses, personal respect, status recognition, and trust each accounted for unique variance in both family conflict and family cohesion. Additionally, equity also accounted for unique variance in family conflict but not family cohesion and the direction of the relationship was positive, that is, more equity in resolving specific family disputes was associated higher levels of general family conflict.     

Lessons from Philosophy? Interdisciplinary Justice Research and Two Classes of Justice Judgments

More and more scholars of social justice have been calling for a closer collaboration between empirical and normative disciplines. Psychological and sociological research, as well as philosophical theories can, so they claim, learn from one another and work should be based on results obtained in the other fields of research. Some political philosophers do not share this view. They argue that, since most empirical research does not capture people's moral views on justice, its results cannot be of any value to their theories. Based on this critique I suggest in the first part of this paper that empirical research should distinguish between two classes of justice judgments: First, justice judgments in a narrow sense, which are made under conditions of impartiality and grounded in moral principles, and second, justice attitudes, which differ from other types of social attitudes only in their attitude objects. In the second part I present a quasi-experimental study that aimed at testing the two different classes of justice judgments empirically. The results show that justice judgments in the narrow sense can be obtained even under conditions in which complex experimental manipulations cannot be employed. In the third part of this paper I hypothesize that justice judgments which are based on the two formal criteria provided by political philosophy (impartiality and reference to moral principles) may serve as important intervening variables when trying to explain the impact of justice beliefs on different patterns of human behavior.     

Caricaturing “traitors”: Communal reactions to indigenous collaboration in Japanese-occupied Korea

Under foreign rule, indigenous collaborators pose a serious challenge that betrays the trust and faith of their compatriots with whom they have long shared experiences. This being the case, the question arises concerning how the occupied define “betrayal” and execute their sense of morality and justice against those considered as switching allegiance from being their fellow nationals to being considered as outsiders. For this analysis, I investigate the practice of the Korean news media under Japanese colonial rule, developing the concept of verbal caricature. I find that the indigenous media create outrageous verbal images of collaborators: (1) sinners, (2) pawns, and (3) criminals. By exploring the media's social justice under political constraint, this project contributes to the accumulation of knowledge on the unique practices of deviance-making, prompting a dialog between the two isolated research realms – social deviance and foreign occupation.     

Critical justice consciousness: Social injustice and the criminal justice system

In this essay I examine the importance of social justice to my identity and the changing interpretation of my “justice consciousness” resulting from changes in my work life. Drawing on my academic experience as well as my experience as an attorney, I describe the meaning that social justice has for me. I also examine the connections that I see between social injustice and the operation of the critical justice system.     

TERRORISM,POLITICS, AND PUNISHMENT: A TEST OF STRUCTURAL-CONTEXTUAL THEORY AND THE “LIBERATION HYPOTHESIS”*

The sentencing literature generally has been characterized by an inability to explain Significant amounts of the variance in sentencing outcomes. Two major theoretical explanations have addressed this issue: structural-contextual theory and the “liberation hypothesis.” Structural-contextual theory suggests that the components of the justice system traditionally work somewhat independently of one another. This theory suggests that variance explained in sentence outcomes will increase appreciably when components function with greater interdependence—a so-called “tightening” or “coupling” effect. Such tightening supposedly takes place when particular cases are given high priority for investigation and prosecution. An example of this situation might be domestic terrorism. The liberation hypothesis suggests that the greater the severity of an offense, the less likely judges or juries will feel free to follow their own sentiments regarding guilt and punishment. As a consequence, the ability of legal variables to predict variation in sentence length will be greater as crime severity increases. This study compares a sample of officially designated terrorists matched with nonterrorists convicted of the same federal offenses. OLS regression and structural equation modeling procedures are used to compare the levels of explained variance for the two groups. The results indicate strong support for the basic premises of both theories. Explained variance for the terrorist sample is more than four times greater than the explained variance for the nonterrorist sample. Further analysis shows that explained variance is highest for terrorists who have committed a high-severity offense and lowest for nonterrorists who have committed a low-severity offense. The subsequent addition of other predictor variables available only for the terrorist sample further increases the explained variance and provides additional support for the liberation hypothesis.     

Distributive and procedural justice in the workplace

The interrelatedness of procedural and distributive justice has implications for organizational practice, especially in the area of performance appraisal. I explore these implications by first describing how procedures can influence perceptions of distributive justice: Procedural improprieties can bring to mind the possibility that a more just outcome might have been obtained if only more acceptable practices had been followed. Next I discuss a second form of interrelatedness — how distributive consequences can influence perceptions of procedural justice — by suggesting that the fairness of a procedure can be assessed in terms of its expected-value (typical or most probable) outcome. These points are illustrated by a discussion of howvoice, or the opportunity for employees to contribute information during the performance appraisal process, can affect both appraisal accuracy and perception of fairness.     

Interpreting the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scales of Justice</Emphasis>: Architecture,Symbolism and Semiotics of the Supreme Court of India

The neutrality of the art and architecture of courtrooms and courthouses has dominated the public perception in the Indian context. The courtroom design and the visual artistic elements present within these judicial places have very often been considered to be insignificant to the notions of law and justice that they reflect. As art and architecture present certain historical narratives, reflect political allegories and have significant impact on the perceptions of their viewers, they have critical socio-political ramifications. This makes it pertinent to explore them and investigate the paradox of their deployment and interpretation in today’s increasingly mediatized world. Through an ethnographic study of the Supreme Court of India, this paper interprets its art and architecture, and, the symbolism and semiotics reflected through them. Arguing against their neutrality and insignificance, the paper demonstrates how they reflect nationalism, certain ideologies and power-space dynamics. It further argues that they act as evidence of political metaphors related to justice, power and democracy. With a conversation between law, architecture and semiotics, the paper investigates the historical and spatial dimensions of its architecture and artistic elements. Mapping the Court’s architectural elements, I examine how the visual representation of ‘justice as virtue’ finds translation in its design through transfer of certain images, including the image of the ‘scales of justice’, into it, while absenting the notion of ‘justice as struggle’—to contemplate on how legal architecture gives evidence to the vexed relationship between law and justice and also of the break from the colonial past     

Power and intergroup perception between public defenders and district attorneys

This paper proposes a theoretical framework for understanding intergroup perception differences between public defenders and district attorneys. Social psychological research is reviewed to outline the role of power in intergroup perception differences between high and low status groups. These power differences as well as perception differences are then applied to public defenders and district attorneys, who themselves represent low and high status groups, respectively. To help substantiate this theoretical framework, a qualitative field study is presented in which public defenders and district attorneys of the juvenile justice system were interviewed regarding their perceptions of the youth they process, themselves, and each other. While this field study is a first step and supports the theoretical claim that power underpins intergroup perception differences between public defenders and district attorneys, more quantitative and qualitative empirical research is necessary. The implications of this research are discussed in the terms of the welfare of juvenile offenders.