Judicial Review,Rights, and Democracy

Law and Philosophy -     

司法审查与民主——矛盾中的共生体?

本文的目的在于消除一个误解:司法审查和民主是相互冲突的.本文通过比较世界各国的宪法文本以及某些国家的制度运作,探讨了司法审查在世界范围的历史、功能和实践,重点是司法审查制度在新兴宪政国家的发展.虽然在司法审查的主体、对象、性质和程序上,不同的审查模式具有显著不同的特征,但都是为了实现保护自由和抗衡专制的共同目的.因此,司法审查和民主都同样履行着反专制职能--如果民主是为了抗衡少数人的专制,那么司法审查是为了抗衡民主体制下的多数人专制.在这个意义上,司法审查和民主之间确实存在一定的矛盾,但在本质上是一对相互依存、相互补充和相互制衡的共生体.     

Moral Rights,Judicial Review,and Democracy: A Response to Horacio Spector

Law and Philosophy -     

Judicial Review and Deliberative Democracy: A Circular Model of Law Creation and Legitimation

In this paper the author discusses the legitimation of judicial review of legislation. He argues that such a legitimation is not just a moral matter but is to be considered more generally in terms of societal acceptability, since it is based on a wide range of reasons including moral, social and pragmatic concerns. Moreover, the paper stresses that the legitimation of judicial decisions should be properly viewed in a circular perspective, so that the relationship between legislators and judges cannot be reduced to an absolute supremacy of those who are democratically elected over those who apply the law. On the contrary, the law is constantly made, adapted and developed in legal practice and legal decisions are basically legitimated through several processes of deliberative communication.     

关于香港法院的司法审查权

一、香港法院是否具有司法审查权? 香港基本法在香港的法律体系中地位最高,具有最高的法律效力.据此,一些学者将香港基本法称之为"小宪法".为了保证香港基本法的这一地位,香港基本法中规定了相应的保障机制,即香港立法会制定的法律在通过以后,须交全国人大常委会备案;全国人大常委会经审查认为该法律违反基本法时,将其发回,该法律自发回之日起无效.     

民主过程的司法审查:法国议会选举诉讼制度评析

选举是实现国家机关政治统治合法性与正当性的制度基础。保证选举活动合法进行、依法解决选举争议是依法治国的重要内容。由议会自己来审查议员选举合法性问题的制度在法国被证明是失败的。从第五共和国开始,法国的宪法委员会承担了选举法院的角色,审理国会议员选举争议案件。法国议会选举争议裁决制度的发展过程、审查原则、处理程序对中国相关制度的完善有重要的启发意义。     

Constitutional Rights and Democracy in the U.S.A.: The Issue -of Judicial Review

Abstract. The first section takes up some main details of American constitutional history. At the end of that section and in section two, we concentrate on one constitutional doctrine in particular, judicial review. We argue that this doctrine rests, traditionally, on the foundational idea of a permanent tension between democratic institutions and basic rights. In section three, we deal with the problem just raised, by suggesting an alternative view of the relationship that exists between these fundamental constitutional elements. Here we attempt to show that there is an essential principled harmony between basic constitutional rights and democratic majority rule. And we try to locate judicial review within this alternative conception. Then in section four and in the conclusion we discuss the institutional arrangements for the practice of judicial review in the light of this alternative conception.     

司法审查：一种动态民主的机制

从代议民主的角度看,司法审查和民主之间确实存在着矛盾,美国司法审查的几种理论路径不能解释清楚司法审查正当性的问题,伊利的程序主义理论回避司法审查合法性的实体问题即国会立法违背宪法的客观标准为何,宪法文本的不确定性使得司法审查的客观标准成为一个难题,但是如果从动态的民主参与方面看,对国会立法进行违宪审查的目的是建立一种动态的参与民主机制,在代议民主和大众之间建立沟通的桥梁,使民众的话语得到张扬,让民主运转起来,故美国确立司法审查的理论基础是动态的参与民主机制。     

Rights-Based Judicial Review: A Democratic Justification

Law and Philosophy -     

More Norms,Less Justice: Refugees,the Republic,and everyone in between

The paper argues for conflating refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) as two sides of a work-in-progress postcolonial state. To be sure, aliens, refugees, IDPs, and stateless persons are separate legal entities. Nevertheless, this fragmented normative regime stands testimony to more laws and less justice. Many Asian states have no domestic refugee law. India, a common law system, takes a case by case approach as refugees are given “temporary shelter on humanitarian considerations”. Ironically, a work-in-progress postcolonial state sustains even de jure citizens as de facto stateless persons; the erstwhile Indo-Bangla enclaves for more than half a century were an apt example. Surely, the raison d’être of international law on refugees is to end human suffering, if needed, by transcending the absence of positive laws. A constitutional and political desire to minimise human suffering alone could cut the rigour of such positivist legal narratives. The Delhi High Court seemingly walked that path in Koul v Estate Officer noting “refugees and IDPs appear to be similarly situated”. Rising terrorism has made states increasingly believe in a security narrative all the same. A simultaneous emergence of a demographic anxiety particularly in India’s North-eastern states increasingly pits aliens and refugees against the domiciled indigenous and tribal people.     

Designing Judicial Review: A Comment on Schauer

Law and Philosophy -     

司法成本与司法效率——中国法院的财政保障与法官激励

我国司法改革进程中,法院的财政保障构成了司法成本的主要问题。从长远的观点看应建立中央统一的司法财政与决算制度。此外,为了有效遏制司法腐败和从根本上提高司法公信力,通过渐进和配套的制度改革,将法官从一般公务员系列里独立出来并给予相对高的报酬仍应作为司法改革的一个努力方向。     

科学依据、同行评审与司法审查

科学依据已经成为现代政府规制活动的基础。同行评审在规制活动中的引入,能有效确保科学依据的可靠性,增强规制活动的透明度和可应责性。但同行评审并不能终结科学争议,相反却可能为规制对象提供弹药,引发更激烈的科学争议。法院不可避免成为规制科学争议的新阵地。作为通才型的法院,在面临日益精细的规制专业判断时,不应放弃作为看门人和守护者的司法责任。从传统的高度尊重到如今的严格审查,这种司法立场在确保科学依据可靠性的同时,也有助于增进规制活动的透明、审议、参与、问责等行政法价值。