从未成年人犯罪的新特点看宽严相济刑事政策的全面贯彻

在刑法中规定年满14周岁,但是未满18周岁的未成年人触犯了我国刑法或者有关的刑事法律条例,这种行为称为未成年人犯罪.近来未成年人犯罪率逐年提高,形势十分严峻,已经成为了我国刑法需要重点研究的课题,也受到了社会的普遍关注.本文将研究未成年人犯罪的特点,并结合相关法律,阐释宽严相济的刑事政策的落实、贯彻.     

对未成年人犯罪如何适用"宽严相济"刑事政策

"宽严相济"刑事政策是在新形势下提出的一项刑事工作机制,在很大程度上适应了构建和谐社会的需要.在司法实践中存在两种误区,未能很好地把握恰当的尺度.本文指出作为法律监督机关,在处理未成年人犯罪案件中,一定要把宽严相济的刑事政策把握好、运用好.     

从未成年人犯罪的新特点看宽严相济刑事政策的全面贯彻

现阶段未成年人犯罪呈现出社会危害性加重和人身危险性增加的总趋势,这对未成年人犯罪的一般社会观念、实践对策和理论研究均提出了严峻挑战.必须高度重视未成年人犯罪中出现的新特点,在全面贯彻宽严相济刑事政策的基础上给予积极应时.     

宽严相济的刑事政策与未成年人犯罪

宽严相济的刑事政策要求在适用刑罚时要根据实际需要当宽则宽、当严则严,宽严有度。由于未成年人身心发育的特点和犯罪原因的特殊性,对未成年人罪犯应当体现出轻缓、宽容的一面,兼顾社会正义的实现和未成年人的保护。     

未成年人犯罪刑事政策研究

针对目前我国未成年人犯罪在主体、形态、类型等方面的发展态势,除了对原有的预防为主、区别对待等针对未成年人犯罪的刑事政策进行丰富和发展,还应当借鉴国外的社会调查、前科消灭、设立未成年人法院等方法,建立新的工作制度和机制,更好地保护未成年人的各项权利,使其受到公正、人道的司法处理。     

社会管理创新视域下未成年人犯罪刑事政策研究

对于未成年人给予特殊的照顾和关怀是世界各国的共识。在刑事政策方面,多数国家都很重视对于未成年犯罪人的教育、矫治。我国在社会管理创新视域下,对于未成年人犯罪刑事政策应当从定罪政策、刑罚政策以及执行政策三个方面进行全面的改革和完善。在借鉴国外先进立法例的前提下,结合我国的实际情况,建立符合我国国情的少年司法制度。     

金融犯罪刑事司法政策评述

随着金融市场的发展,犯罪防控的形势日益严峻,金融犯罪刑事司法政策一直致力于回应金融市场当前面临的现实发展状态及问题。但是政策效果受到立法制约和影响,且与金融监管联系紧密。为了寻求金融犯罪刑事司法政策的完善路径,首先需要理解金融犯罪司法规制的能力范围,了解金融的特性,理解刑法的局限。在此基础上,有针对性地落实宽严相济刑事政策,并且发挥金融犯罪刑事司法政策的独立价值。     

试论司法机关在办理未成年人犯罪案件中对宽严相济刑事政策的贯彻落实

宽严相济刑事政策是我国刑事政策在新的历史条件下的发展与完善,对司法机关依法办理未成年人犯罪案件有重要指导意义。正确理解宽严相济刑事政策,认真研究未成年人身心特点,把握未成年人犯罪特点和趋势,是司法机关贯彻宽严相济刑事于未成年人犯罪案件办理过程的前提与基础。     

把宽严相济刑事司法政策融入未成年人犯罪检察工作

宽严相济，区别对待，是我国现阶段惩治和预防犯罪的基本刑辜政策。这一刑事政策集中反映了党和国家对司法工作的根本政治主张，蕴涵着符合司法规律的社会主义法治理念和深刻的政治要求，是我们执法的灵魂。在司法实践中正确运用宽严相济刑事政策，对于做好刑事执法工作具有极其重要的意义。为此，我们红桥区检察院在贯彻这一刑事政策方面着重注意了以下三个方面。     

扩大教育面 缩小司法面──未成年人犯罪的刑事政策探讨

对未成年犯坚持“教育、挽救、感化”是我国的一贯刑事政策,但在实际执行中存在着偏差。应当制订具体的处理未成年人犯罪的刑事政策,其内容包括：对未成年人犯罪实行最小量化;限制逮捕等强制措施的适用;充分运用不起诉制度;应最大限度避免监禁,借鉴国外的缓刑措施等。     

The judicial response to crime and the criminal: A utilitarian perspective

This paper examines the hypothesis that the sentencing decision of the criminal court is consistent with utilitarian principles and that the judiciary uses the length of incarceration as an instrument for the maximization of societal well-being. A theoretical model is developed, whose principal arguments are offender and offense attributes, resource costs, the availability of alternative sanctions, and the general crime rate. Four questions are considered: (i) How does a utilitarian court respond to a general increase in crime? (ii) How does the availability of alternative sanctions affect the length of incarceration ? (iii) How does a utilitarian court respond to offenders who are more likely to recidivate? (iv) How does the court respond to offenders who commit more serious offenses? The model is empirically evaluated, using cross-sectional data for the state of Georgia for individuals sentenced to prison in 1978 for a UCR index offense. The theoretical model provides few specific behavioral rules for the court to follow. Answers to the foregoing four questions are shown to depend upon both the efficacy of sanctions and the cost of the administration of those sanctions. It is not possible to predict, for example, how a utilitarian court should respond to a rise in crime or how it should respond to offenders who are likely to commit more serious offenses. The empirical analysis shows that, in fact, the sentence length varied inversely with the general offense rate, with the likelihood of imprisonment, and with the length of postprison probation. The evidence also indicates that sentences vary with the individual's original record but not with the offender's age or race. With the exception of possible gender bias, the court's sentencing behavior was consistent with utilitarian principles.     

Sentencing rationales, judicial discretion, and the practice of criminal fines in Israel

Much attention has been paid over the last three decades to the examination of the criminal fine, its administration, enforcement policies, and effectiveness. Yet, one research topic has often been overlooked: the link between sentencing rationales, judiciary discretion, and fining policy. The present research, based upon ninety hours of phenomenological semi-structured interviews undertaken in a random sample of forty active Israeli magistrates, six hundred verdicts, and quantitative data regarding the fining policy in Israel, analyzed the degree of harmony/disparity between these variables. The main findings revealed lack of confidence in the ability of the criminal fine to successfully achieve different penal objectives, scarcity of knowledge of actual fining administration procedures, and a high degree of harmony between fining rationales and ideology.     

社区矫正：刑事政策学的诠释——兼论对我国社会治安综合治理的反思

社区矫正,是与监禁矫正相对的行刑方式,是指将符合社区矫正条件的罪犯置于社区内,在专门的国家机关的指导和监督下,依靠社会的力量,在判决、裁定或决定确定的期限内,矫正其犯罪心理和行为恶习,并促进其顺利回归社会的非监禁刑罚执行活动。本文对社区矫正的发展情况进行了简要回顾,介绍了社区矫正的两极化刑事政策背景和其基础即二元化的刑事政策模式,并以此为切入点对我国的社会治安综合治理进行了反思。     

How damages recovery actions can improve the fight against corruption: the crisis of criminal law policies and the role of private enforcement in an Italian case of judicial corruption

In many countries corruption is rife, despite the fact that there is a criminal-law legislative framework for corruption. Italy is one of these countries. The commitment of judges and prosecutors to combating instances of corruption is often frustrated by the consequences of the excessive length of the proceedings. The fight against corruption has been carried out mainly in the field of criminal law. The criminalisation of corruption both in domestic and in international contexts is not enough to reduce corrupt practices. In the last decade another front in the fight against corruption has been explored: the private law approach as a complement to criminal law policies. Indeed, the same corrupt practise may be subject both to criminal proceedings by public authority and to civil proceedings by the victims of corruption. The argument that private law instruments may be used in order to achieve a public policy goal is not new and goes beyond the definition of "private enforcement" in the context of competition law. The idea of creating a favourable social and legal background to encourage the victims of anti-competitive practices can also be transposed to the fight against corruption. In fact, in many cases of corruption the low percentage of successful criminal persecution and the class of punishment associated with corruption offences do not represent a deterrent, considering the benefits deriving from bribe. This paper aims to address the question as to whether private law remedies under national legal systems could constitute an effective disincentive against corrupt practices, alongside criminal prosecutions. The case CIR vs. Fininvest, Lodo Mondadori is one of the first cases involving damages actions resulting from corrupt practices, and addresses two of the main obstacles to civil actions in this field: evidence and the quantification of damages.     

Research on the judicial review and variation of sentence for the death penalty with a suspension of execution in Chinese criminal law

The imposition of a death penalty with a suspension of execution (DPSE) for two years, and the procedure for judicial review of the DPSE both demonstrate the Chinese policies of “reduction in use of the death penalty,” “cautious application of the death penalty,” and “tempering justice with mercy.” In recent years, the number of cases in which the defendant was sentenced to death and immediately executed has declined, whereas the number of cases in which a DPSE sentence was given has increased. In China, judicial theory and practice generally emphasize the importance of the judicial review procedure in cases where the sentence is a death penalty with immediate execution. However, less attention has been paid to the procedures for review and variation of sentence in DPSE cases. Judicial review for DPSE sometimes exists in name only, and is sometimes overlooked altogether, which is inappropriate for a penalty of this severity. There are also serious shortcomings in the laws regulating the review procedure for the DPSE, which lack provisions specifying the consequences for serious violations of due process during trial, nor do they completely reflect the principle of in dubio pro reo. In the procedure for variation of the DPSE sentence, the relevant laws do not adequately uphold the defendant’s right to a defense or participation in the process. There are also difficulties regarding the time limits on ruling on a commutation of sentence. In order to make the procedure more reliable and guarantee the substantive rights of defendants sentenced to the DPSE, the relevant laws require a number of modifications and improvements.     

坚持实施可持续发展战略：实现人与自然和谐相处的根本途径

要坚持实施可持续发展战略,不断完善有利于经济和社会关系协调、资源节约和合理利用、生态环境优化、人口增长适度、生活质量不断提高的全新的发展模式,努力开创生产发展、生活富裕和生态良好的文明发展道路,为社会的全面进步和人的全面发展提供更加广阔的空间和更加有利的社会条件。     

Public policies against criminal assets in mexico: challenges and opportunities from the north border states

Crime, Law and Social Change - Given its vast border with the United States, Mexico is a strategic trade and economic development region, which creates significant challenges in combating crime and...     

论我国刑事诉讼鉴定意见质证的完善

鉴定意见的质证包括对鉴定意见合法性的形式质证和鉴定意见内容可靠性的实质质证.专家辅助人出庭质证标志着我国刑事鉴定意见从原先重视形式质证向兼顾形式质证与实质质证转化.目前,我国依然存在实质质证规范较为笼统、形式质证的部分内容与鉴定意见可靠性无关,以及在实质质证时法庭难以判断双方专家的意见的可靠性三个问题.为解决上述问题,我国刑事鉴定意见质证可以进一步细化形式质证的审查内容、以案件性质为依据判断鉴定人和专家辅助人选择适用的标准是否合理,并审查专家辅助人资格、确保具备质证能力的专家辅助人进入法庭审判.