NONSHARED ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON ADOLESCENT DELINQUENT INVOLVEMENT AND ADULT CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR*

Findings gleaned from behavioral genetic research have revealed that nonshared environments are particularly important sources of behavioral variation. Surprisingly little criminological research has examined directly the effects of the nonshared environment on adolescent delinquent involvement and adult criminal behavior. The current study addressed this gap in the literature by calculating difference scores in a sample of 289 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs to examine the effects of the nonshared familial environment on delinquent involvement, adult criminal behavior, levels of self‐control, and contact with antisocial peers. Analysis of MZ twin pairs from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) revealed that one nonshared family environment—maternal disengagement—was associated with delinquent involvement and the development of self‐control. The remaining nonshared familial environments, however, were not associated with antisocial outcomes. Implications of the findings are discussed.     

PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT,SOCIAL FACTORS,AND DELINQUENCY AMONG ADOLESCENT BOYS*

The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health is used to examine the relationship between pubertal development and delinquency among boys (grades 7–9). We find strong positive relationships between pubertal development and violence, on one hand, and property crimes, drug use, and precocious sexual behavior on the other. However, we find no evidence that these effects are due to the effects of puberty on risk‐taking, maladjustment, dominance behavior, or autonomous behavior. We do find evidence that pubertal development interacts with social factors—mature boys are more strongly influenced by delinquent friends. Pubertal development also has stronger effects on the delinquency of boys who are academically successful and thus are generally disinclined to engage in delinquency.     

拷贝数变异及其在法医学中的研究进展

近年来拷贝数变异的研究已逐渐延伸至各个领域,如复杂疾病病因探索、精准治疗以及遗传育种和进化等。拷贝数变异独有的遗传学特点使得人们逐渐相信其可以成为解决相关问题的生物学遗传标记。随着检测技术的发展,拷贝数变异在法医学方面的应用也将逐渐增多。本文就拷贝数变异概念与发展以及在法医学中的应用进行阐述,为今后拷贝数变异的实际应用提供新的思路。     

同卵双生子外周血DNA甲基化谱的差异

目的通过比较不同个体外周血DNA甲基化谱的差异,评估DNA甲基化在同卵双生子个体甄别中的应用价值。方法在知情同意基础上获得22对同卵双生子外周血样。抽提基因组DNA后进行重亚硫酸盐转化．采用Illuraina公司的人27k甲基化微珠芯片检测基因组27578个CpG位点的甲基化程度（启值）。依据常染色体CpG位点的序值,采用欧氏距离计算方法计算同卵双生子间以及同性男ll的无关个体间的表观遗传距离。比较同卵双生子对与无关个体对两组不同人群间的表观遗传距离差异。结果同卵双生子对人群以及无关个体对人群中的男性个体对与女性个体对的表观遗传距离差异均无统计学意义（P值分别为0．0695和0．4825）。同卵双生子对的表观遗传距离显著低于无关个体对人群（中位数：6．02νs7．20,P=0．0002）．但两组人群的表观遗传距离均显著大于4．00（P〈0．0001）。结论同卵双生子间的外周血DNA甲基化谱差异显著．DNA甲基化是进行同卵双生子个体甄别的有效生物学标记。     

计量与案例:法律实证研究方法的细剖析

法律实证研究方法可以分为计量研究和案例研究两大类。它们各自又可以再细分,如前者可分为基于原始生成数据、人工数据、实验数据作出的研究;后者可以分为基于假想案例、日常案例、全景式案例、罕见案例作出的研究。每种具体研究方法的优缺点都值得深入分析。正确认识其分类与短长可以帮助我们更好地选择、使用这些研究方法,有针对性地进行学术批评、回应,及进行有效的学术跟进、完善。     

DNA甲基化在法医DNA分析中的应用

表观遗传学在生命的发生、发展过程中起着十分重要的作用。DNA甲基化作为表观遗传的一个重要方面,不仅参与多种基因的表达调控,与机体的发育、肿瘤发生等密切相关,而且具有可遗传性、相对稳定性、亲缘特异性、基因组中含量丰富等特点,已证实适用于法医DNA分析。本文对近年来DNA甲基化在印迹基因、同卵双生子鉴定、年龄、性别推断方面的研究与应用进行回顾与综述,以期为在法医学及相关领域中应用提供参考。     

表观遗传学及其在同卵双生子研究中的新进展

表观遗传学是指不改变DNA序列的可遗传的基因表达改变.是多细胞真核生物的重要生物学现象.DNA甲基化、基因组印记、组蛋白乙酰化、组蛋白甲基化、染色质重塑、假基因和小分子RNA等是表观遗传学的主要研究内容.同卵双生子(monozygotic twins,MZ)是由一个受精卵分裂发育而成的双胞胎,二者具有完全相同的基因组DNA序列.从经典遗传学的角度,使用短串联重复序列(short tandem repeat,sTR)和单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)等遗传标记均不能对其进行有效的个体甄别.因此,寻找新的遗传标记显得尤为重要,最新表观遗传学领域的研究成果表明.MZ个体间DNA甲基化差异显著,这为甄别MZ个体提供了新的策略.本文对表观遗传学的概念、研究内容及表观遗传学在MZ鉴别中的应用前景进行了综述.     

1对同卵双生新生儿DNA甲基化谱差异分析

目的 探索1对同卵双生新生儿之间DNA甲基化谱的差异.方法 应用甲基化免疫共沉淀结合高通量测序法对1对同卵双生新生儿的DNA甲基化谱进行检测,分析基因组DNA甲基化特点及其之间的差异,筛选适用于法医学分析的甲基化位点.结果 两样本各获得7300万原始测序序列(raw reads)数据,与人类基因组参考序列比对,各得到4800万和5000万唯一比对reads,其中大部分分布在重复区域,且在Alu序列分布最为广泛.两样本DNA甲基化富集区域(peak)各检测到257 362条和197 272条,基因组覆盖率分别为6.53％和5.29％,分布在基因组不同区域,以中间内含子区含量最多.分析两样本甲基化差异区域得到2205条差异的甲基化序列,其中595条位于基因区域,1610条位于基因间区,从中筛选出113条序列,用于进一步深入研究其法医学应用价值.结论 本研究初步证实了DNA甲基化用于同卵双生子鉴定的可行性,为筛选同卵双生子DNA甲基化差异位点提供了基础数据.     

云南汉族CRHBP基因多态性与暴力攻击行为的相关性

目的探讨云南汉族人群促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素结合蛋白(corticotropin releasing hormone-binding protein, CRHBP)基因多态性与暴力攻击行为的相关性。方法对云南汉族111例有攻击行为的服刑人员(包含53例抢劫,58例故意伤害)和189例健康对照样本采用改良的多重高温连接酶检测反应技术(improve Multiplex ligase detection reaction, iMLDR)检测CRHBP基因的4个Tag SNPs(rs10062367, rs32897, rs7718461, rs7721799)的基因型,应用SPSS 20.0和SHEsis软件对结果进行统计分析。结果 rs32897、rs7718461、rs7721799的等位基因和基因型分布在暴力组、抢劫亚组、故意伤害亚组和对照组中均无显著差异(P>0.05),rs10062367等位基因和基因型分布在暴力组、抢劫亚组和对照组中也无显著差异(P>0.05),但在故意伤害亚组与对照组中具有显著差异(P<0.05)。单倍型ATGA可使暴力的相对风险显著增高(P<0.05),单倍型GCAA可使指向他人暴力的相对风险显著增高(P<0.05)。结论 CRHBP基因rs10062367位点多态性可能与云南汉族人群针对他人的攻击行为有关,单倍型ATGA是暴力行为的风险因子,个体携带单倍型GCAA会使指向他人的躯体攻击行为风险增加。     

全血中DNA6种提取方法的比较

目的 比较经典有机法、改良有机法、常规Chelex-100法、IQ法、Qiagen法及SP法6种方法在提取DNA纯度和得率上的差异.方法 收集10名健康志愿者的静脉全血各5mL,分别采用6种方法提取基因组DNA,通过紫外分光光度仪和荧光定量分析技术检测产物的纯度和浓度,计算得率,并使用统计软件对结果进行分析.结果 常规Chelex-100法所得DNA的纯度明显低于其他方法,而另外5种方法所得DNA纯度的差异不具有统计学意义.改良有机法得率最低,IQ法得率最高.统计结果表明试剂盒方法抽提全血DNA的得率明显高于经典有机法、常规Chelex-100法和改良有机法,其差异具有统计学意义.结论 与有机法和常规Chelex-100法相比,高质量试剂盒类方法更有利于法医学检材的DNA抽提.     

人格研究的生物学取向述评

从生物学角度对人格进行研究,是探索人格奥秘的重要手段。人格的生物学研究方法和途径可分为两类：一是以研究大脑和人格的关系为基础,来建构人格的生理理论;二是以双生子研究为基础,来探索人格的基因问题。本文主要介绍了人格的生物学研究新进展,其中包括泽克曼建立的人格心理生物理论、基因研究的社会学新方向及环境测量中的基因变化等问题     

DO PARENTS MATTER IN CREATING SELF‐CONTROL IN THEIR CHILDREN? A GENETICALLY INFORMED TEST OF GOTTFREDSON AND HIRSCHI'S THEORY OF LOW SELF‐CONTROL*

Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime (1990) has generated an abundance of research testing the proposition that low self‐control is the main cause of crime and analogous behaviors. Less empirical work, however, has examined the factors that give rise to low self‐control. Gottfredson and Hirschi suggest that parents are the sole contributors for either fostering or thwarting low self‐control in their children, explicitly discounting the possibility that genetics may play a key role. Yet genetic research has shown that ADHD and other deficits in the frontostriatal system are highly heritable. Our research thus tests whether “parents matter” in creating low self‐control once genetic influences are taken into account. Using a sample of twin children we find that parenting measures have a weak and inconsistent effect. We address the conceptual and methodological issues associated with the failure to address genetic influences in parenting studies.     

Structured Like A Monster: Understanding Human Difference Through A Legal Category

This article will argue that the legal idea of the monster offers to inform contemporary thinking in relation to outsiders. Drawing on the work of Foucault it will be contended that the process, whereby at least some human beings are positioned as outsiders, is structured like a monster. That is to say, at least some constructions or representations of human difference, both legal and non-legal, are informed by the monster category. The article will think through and unpack Foucault’s the idea of the monster, and his sufficient and necessary conditions of monster production. In the process, the article will identify two contemporary figures that bear the legacy of this legal category. These are the figures of Foucault’s abnormal individual and the human/animal hybrid of genetic medicine, figures that can neither be reduced to products of law or disentangled from its domain. An emphasis on the importance of the template of the monster in understanding these contemporary figures points to its relevance to legal scholarship within fields such as gender, sexuality and race, and bioethics respectively.