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1.
Philipp M. Lutscher 《国际相互影响》2016,42(2):350-375
Authoritarian regimes frequently employ fragmentation to safeguard themselves against coups and reduce the power of the military apparatus. This article investigates the impact of structural coup-proofing in the setting of a nonviolent popular uprising that threatens the regime and its survival. It is argued that in such settings fragmentation can have unintentional consequences with respect to the question whether the army fulfills orders of repression or defects. If the security apparatus is highly divided, some armed organizations will seize the opportunity to defect and side with the protesters because the efficiency of counterbalancing decreases if more effective armed organizations are involved. This can be mainly explained through collective action problems that the security apparatus faces in such a setting. This article compiles data of nonviolent uprisings from 1975 to 2006 and data on armed forces structure for conducting a multivariate probit regression on the probability of defection. The findings indeed show a U-shaped relationship between armed forces fragmentation and the likelihood of defection during nonviolent mass uprisings. While security apparatuses with around two effective armed organizations display only a low probability of defection, minimally and highly fragmented forces indicate higher chances of defection from the ruling regime. 相似文献
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Charles E. Ziegler 《Democratization》2013,20(5):795-825
This article develops a concept of civil society in Central Asia distinct from that which emerged from the East European communist societies of the late 1980s. Kazakhstan presents a case study of a civil society that conceptually can be located between the vibrant civil society of the Baltic democracies and the civil society of the strongly repressive environments of Belarus or Uzbekistan. Kazakhstan's authoritarian structures and cultural traditions make it difficult to develop strong independent civic organizations – cooperation tends to mark state-civil society relations more than contestation, which shaped much of Eastern Europe's experience. Even in a context of relative affluence where civil society organizations are allowed some space to engage in critical activities, contestation tends to be minimized. This is only partially related to state suppression and cooptation; a political culture that views democratic processes as potentially destabilizing is also a significant factor. Kazakhstan represents a distinct Central Asian model of civil society, comparable to Russia but qualitatively different from that found in either Eastern or Western Europe, where civil society is less willing to confront the state, more cooperative with the authoritarian system, and wary of the potential for civic activism to degenerate into instability. Differentiating types of civil society is important because a key component of Western democracy assistance programmes has been providing assistance to build and strengthen civil societies. By refining our understanding of distinct civil society patterns in Central Asia, we can enhance our knowledge of political processes in this critical region, and we may improve the effectiveness of democracy assistance programmes. The study is grounded in field research, interviews, civil society workshops, survey research, and government documents. 相似文献
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中亚利益格局中的美国与中国 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
前苏联解体后 ,中亚的地缘战略地位日益显得重要。美国在中亚拥有巨大的地缘政治与经济利益。同样 ,中国在中亚也有着自己独特的地缘政治与经济利益。二者在中亚不可避免地发生利益碰撞。因此 ,中国必须深化“上海合作组织” ,在此框架内与中亚展开安全合作和经济合作 ,以维护地缘安全、能源安全 ,遏制我国境内民族分裂势力 ,增强新疆经济发展后劲 相似文献
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抗战时期爱国僧人们为了打破日本的欺骗宣传并为中国争取更多的外援,在东南亚积极进行抗日宣传。他们采取发表演讲和公开信、会晤各界人士、创办刊物等形式,揭露日军侵华的暴行,揭露日本企图吞并中国、侵略东南亚的野心,向东南亚人民介绍中国抗战的状况,号召全世界佛教徒联合起来共同努力还世界以和平。他们的宣传使东南亚国家同情并支持中国的抗战,加强了中国与东南亚地区之间的交流,也为中国的抗战募集了资金。 相似文献
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Adham Saouli 《Democratization》2015,22(2):315-334
This article contributes to debates that aim to go beyond the “democratization” and “post-democratization” paradigms to understand change and continuity in Arab politics. In tune with calls to focus on the actualities of political dynamics, the article shows that the literatures on State Formation and Contentious Politics provide useful theoretical tools to understand change/continuity in Arab politics. It does so by examining the impact of the latest Arab uprisings on state formation trajectories in Iraq and Syria. The uprisings have aggravated a process of regime erosion – which originated in post-colonial state-building attempts – by mobilizing sectarian and ethnic identities and exposing the counties to geo-political rivalries and intervention, giving rise to trans-border movements, such as ISIS. The resulting state fragmentation has obstructed democratic transition in Syria and constrained its consolidation in Iraq. 相似文献
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非政府组织与东南亚国家政治发展 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
非政府组织在东南亚国家社会政治发展进程中发挥着重要作用。非政府组织的活动已经渗透各国社会经济和政治生活的许多方面。本文在简单回顾东南亚各国非政府组织发展历史的基础上,分析各国对待非政府组织的态度和政策,及其形成这些政策的原因。随着东南亚国家政治的转型,政府对非政府组织的政策也处于进一步的调整之中,其基本趋势是,相互包容,相互促进,共谋国家发展。 相似文献
8.
Mariya Y. Omelicheva 《Terrorism and Political Violence》2013,25(3):369-393
This work examines differences in the level of violence of counterterrorism measures adopted by Central Asian states. Why do some Central Asian governments opt for wanton repression in the name of the struggle with terrorism, while others adopt less severe methods of control and prevention? To answer this question, this study draws on a synthesis of rationalist and constructivist explanations. Like rationalists, it posits that the magnitude of terrorism and states' material capabilities affect governments' responses to terrorism. Following constructivists, the study stresses the impact of ideas about the nature of terrorist threats and views on the appropriateness of the use of force on the counterterrorism policies of Central Asian states. 相似文献
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苏联解体后,中亚地区的安全问题一直成为国际舆论关注的焦点。20世纪90年代,中亚地区在国际社会和相关大国的协助下实现了无核化,并与中国、俄罗斯等国成功解决边境地区军事安全问题。当以军事威胁为主的传统安全问题大大缓解后,中亚地区的非传统安全问题就突出地呈现在各国政府面前。中亚地缘结构的特殊性,决定了非传统安全因素生成的跨国性和地区性,仅凭个别国家能力很难有效治理。而中亚各民族国家曲折的发展历史,尤其是苏联时期遗留下来错综复杂的关系,制约着地区各国建立起有效的地区治理机制,致使中亚地区非传统安全问题一直存在、发酵、升温。这一趋势如仍不能引起中亚各国和国际社会予以足够重视并采取有效措施,势必成为威胁地区安全的重要隐患。独立25年来,中亚各国高度警惕宗教极端主义和国际恐怖主义渗透和蔓延的危险,积极参与国际合作打击毒品走私、跨国犯罪等联合行动,\"典型意义\"上的非传统安全因素得到有效治理。但存在于各国高度关注之外的民族关系、人口膨胀、生态恶化等\"非典型意义\"上的非传统安全因素仍然不断积累,并正在对地区安全形势产生负面影响。 相似文献
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2014年以来,中亚安全形势发生了较大的变化。塔利班频频越境袭扰,\"伊斯兰国\"不断向中亚渗透,加之跨境贩毒的有增无减使得中亚面临的安全压力不断增加。中亚安全形势变化的背后有着较为复杂的原因,其中既有美国对中东和阿富汗政策调整的因素,也有中亚国家自身政治经济军事体制转型过程中诸多问题的反应,此外还与中亚地区复杂的历史和民族问题有关。中亚安全形势的变化不仅迟滞了中亚国家的社会政治转型进程,还对参与该地区博弈的俄美欧等大国,尤其是对俄罗斯产生了重要的影响,对中国西北边疆的安全及即将实施的\"丝绸之路经济带\"战略也带来了较大的挑战。虽然目前中亚安全形势总体上仍在可控范围,但是中亚安全问题解决的前景仍然充满了不确定性,中短期内中亚的安全形势难以大幅改观。未来,我们必须要从多边、双边和个人等多个层面入手,加强国际合作,以有效应对中亚安全问题对中国的威胁。 相似文献
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自1991年中亚5国独立以来,欧盟就开始向中亚国家提供政府援助,截至2006年欧盟共向中亚国家提供了13.9亿欧元的援助资金。在2007年前的欧盟中亚援助政策中,尤以独联体技术援助计划(TAC IS)的地位最为突出。通过该计划,欧盟向中亚国家投入了6.5亿的援助资金,在中亚地区启动了包括向欧洲输送石油和天然气国家间(INOGATE)项目在内的一系列地区性援助项目。通过向中亚国家提供的援助,欧盟在该地区树立起了温和友善的良好形象,从而为欧盟在2007年6月出台完整的中亚战略奠定了坚实的基础。尽管欧盟的中亚援助政策饱受来自内外部意见的各种批评,但欧盟对自身援助政策的不断反思及其援助活动的低姿态与援助范围的全面性,能为中国向发展中国家提供援助和制定中亚战略提供一些有益的启示。 相似文献
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Coup-proofing pertains to political leaders’ strategies that will prevent groups inside or outside the state apparatus from seizing power via a coup d’état. One particular form of these strategies divides a country’s military into rivaling organizations, thereby creating an artificial balance between and structural obstacles for the armed forces. Despite the general claim that this institutional coup-proofing is indeed effective, a recent empirical study does not obtain evidence for a negative impact on the risk of coup attempts or coup outcomes. The authors take this finding as a motivation for their re-evaluation of the effect of institutional coup-proofing on coup risk and outcomes. By developing an argument that rests on the concepts of collective action and polarization, it is contended that institutional coup-proofing and coups are characterized by a U-shaped relationship: Institutional coup-proofing is likely to lower the likelihood of coup onsets and successful outcomes, yet only until a tipping point of about two equally strong military organizations. After this turning point, the risk of coup onset as well as coup success may increase again. Using time-series cross-section data for 1975–1999, the authors find strong and robust support for their claims in terms of coup onset, but not coup outcomes. 相似文献
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国际政治背景下东北亚多边能源合作机制的构建 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
伴随着世界石油市场价格的波动和国际形势的深刻变化,能源问题越来越成为东北亚各国关注的焦点问题。参照国际经验,解决东北亚区域能源安全的一个重要途径就是建立区域多边能源合作机制。从国际政治角度来看,在东北亚构建多边能源合作机制有其必要性、可能性和现实性。 相似文献
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Anna Matveeva 《European Security》2013,22(4):478-499
The paper explores Russia's role in security in Central Asia, which analysts interpreted as projection of hegemony. It argues that this role is changing and is shaped by a variety of factors, sometimes acting in contradiction to one another. Domestic agenda is influenced by the danger discourse on drugs and anti-migrant sentiment and urges to detach from Central Asia. Moscow maintains a military presence in the region but is uncertain if it has serious enough stakes to justify a robust approach to security. Refusal to intervene in Kyrgyzstan in 2010 serves as a potent case. Regional organisations echo the non-intervention stance. As a ‘cost-benefit’ approach to security gains momentum, the paper asks if a policy of selective engagement is emerging when only the issues threatening Russia directly will be addressed. The implication can be a security vacuum in the region, affected by ethnic conflict, inter-state disputes and the consequences of withdrawal from Afghanistan. 相似文献
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中国的改革开放带来国民经济的快速发展,同时也带来对能源,尤其是石油和天然气资源的巨大需求。中亚及其相邻的里海地区有着丰富的石油天然气资源。毗邻的地理位置为中国与中亚国家能源合作创造了得天独厚的条件。当前中国与中亚地区已经修建了多条石油和天然气管道。这些管道有助于保障中国能源供应,但也面临一系列新的问题和压力。中国中亚能源通道的未来前景广阔,但需要提前做好风险研判与科学规划。 相似文献
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在亚洲区域经济合作中,除了东盟、“10+1”和“10+3”等由国家主导的合作模式外,还存在另一种由专业性国际组织主导的合作模式。本文以中亚区域经济合作为个案的分析,考察亚洲开发银行在促进地区合作上的作用。本文认为,亚行在中亚区域经济合作中扮演了倡导者、组织者、协调者和融资者等多种角色,起到了有效的枢纽作用。 相似文献
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《国际相互影响》2012,38(2):105-122
Olson and Zeckhauser (1966) offered the first theoretical explanation for variation in the defense burdens of allies. Since then, the theory of collective action (Olson, 1971 [1965]) has been extensively tested using the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact (WTO). While most studies indicate that allied defense burdens (the ratio of military expenditures to gross domestic product) are correlated with economic size, this relationship has rarely been assessed for non‐allied states. Here we examine the association between national defense burdens and economic size, 1953–1988, for NATO, the WTO, the Rio Pact, and the Arab Collective Security Pact in a nested test using most of the non‐allied nations of the world as a control group. Our results generally support the theory. NATO and the Warsaw Pact consistently conform to theoretical expectations, and evidence regarding the Rio Pact, on balance, is positive. Defense burdens are not correlated with economic size within the Arab Pact, however. In addition, nations’ defense burdens are affected by the external threat, as indicated by arms races and war; but the effect of involvement in war is surprisingly small. 相似文献
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The paper argues that violent Uighur separatism and terrorism conforms in a number of important respects to the human security theory of terrorism, particularly in the realm of political and civil rights. However, it argues that impetus has been given to the various separatist organisations in the region by the development of interconnections between the largely internal aspects of China's policy of integration in the region and the wider Central and South Asian dynamic of Islamic radicalism since 1990. 相似文献