论群体诉讼的表现形式

<正>群体诉讼是当今世界各国共同关注的一个重要的研究课题。近年来,伴随着我国群体诉讼案件数量的不断上升,群体诉讼的理论研究和司法实践在不断深入,群体诉讼的运作方式也呈现出多样化的态势。与此同时,不同的群体诉讼,以及群体诉讼与共同诉讼概念的混用和理解上的     

"CLUB FED" AND THE SENTENCING OF WHITE-COLLAR OFFENDERS BEFORE AND AFTER WATERGATE

This paper counterposes the common assumption that criminal justice systems are resistant to reform with the widespread belief that the sentencing of white-collar offenders became more severe after Watergate. It is argued that readjustments may be more more common than actual reforms in criminal justice systems. This paper provides an example of how such processes of readjustment can be explored in the context of sentencing decisions made before and after the unique historical experience of Watergate. It is shown with data from one of America's most prominent federal district courts that changes did occur in sentences imposed before (in 1973) and after (1975) Watergate, but with offsetting results: after Watergate, persons convicted of white-collar crimes were more likely to be sentenced to prison, but for shorter periods of time, than less-educated persons convicted of common crimes. Using a technique that corrects for sample selection processes, these effects are shown to cancel one another out. Examples are provided of the token kinds of prison sentences assigned after Watergate to white-collar offenders in several highly publicized cases and areas of enforcement.     

人与自然“深层”关系辨析——从深层生态学出发谈人与自然的本真关系

生态危机的发生使人与自然的关系问题凸显.人们纷纷著书立说探讨如何建构人与自然的关系,以求摆正人在宇宙中的位置.在这些研究中,深层生态学之人与自然"深层"关系说独具一格,并对整个生态保护运动产生了重要影响.然而深层生态学并未真正达到其所说"深层"程度,它依然存在着将人还原为自然存在物的倾向.自然和自然界是两个不同概念,古希腊人将自然看作是涌现和本性,现代人把自然视为自然界和自然物.这种转变表明人对自然的态度和行为发生了根本性改变.人之为人只能与自然融为一体而不能与自然界融合统一.人与自然的"深层"关系应该是人与自然的内在一致,是使人能够从中生成为人的关系.     

DRUG USE AND "HUSTLING" A Study of Their Interrelationships

This paper focuses on the dynamic relationship between daily “hustling” and narcotic use. Through interviews with 30 narcotics users three common patterns of interrelationships are established In addition. a large number of confounding factors which influence the hustling-drug use relationships are described. The paper reveals the complexity of street life and the tenuousness of views which posit a one-to-one correspondence between hustling and narcotics use.     

COMMENTARY ON "EMPIRICAL AND ETHICAL PROBLEMS WITH CUSTODY RECOMMENDATIONS:"

Whether or not custody evaluators, testifying as expert witnesses, continue to make specific custody recommendations, custody decision making will continue to be based upon inadequate and untested evidence unless and until we reform the family court system in American courtrooms. Judges and lawyers must have specialized knowledge and training about such things as the developmental needs of children, the effects of divorce on children, domestic violence, and child safety issues; lawyers must develop litigation as well as mediation and negotiation skills; specialized family courts utilizing individual calendars and case management techniques must be established; and the complexities and intellectual challenges of family law cases needs to be recognized.     

INNOCENCE, ERROR, AND THE "NEW ABOLITIONISM": A COMMENTARY

If statistics are any indication, the system may well be allowing some innocent defendants to be executed.
- Justice Sandra Day O'Connor