从TRIPs协议第40条谈知识产权滥用的竞争法规制

TRIPs协议第40条授予了各成员国对知识产权许可协议中的限制竞争行为进行规制的权利.主要西方国家根据各国的经济竞争政策制定了相应的反垄断法及知识产权许可的反垄断指南,有力地解决了知识产权滥用的问题.通过对TRIPs协议该条关于知识产权滥用规定的分析,结合该条规定所体现的立法精神与法律价值,认为我国也有必要制定相应的反垄断规则,并尽力保持知识产权的政策性与灵活性,从而对国际知识产权贸易特别是技术贸易领域中存在的知识产权垄断问题进行规制.     

知识产权保护与限制知识产权滥用法律关系的协调

知识产权保护在我国已经达到一个总体并不低于TRIPs协议的程度.在尊重和保护知识产权的同时,应该确保它的行使在一个合理的范围之内;而在限制知识产权滥用的方面,反垄断法的作用尤为重要.本文试图分析知识产权与反垄断法的离合关系,并通过考察世界贸易组织的TRIPs协议和欧共体反垄断法的有关规定,进一步探讨协调两者关系的方法和价值取向,对我国在知识产权领域的反垄断立法提出建议.     

实施国家知识产权战略与规制知识产权滥用

中国目前正在制定和实施国家知识产权战略，规制知识产权滥用行为是其中的一项重要内容。规制知识产权滥用与保护知识产权是不矛盾的。中国目前的知识产权滥用主要表现为跨国公司滥用其优势地位实施限制竞争的行为，特别是拒绝许可、搭售、价格歧视、掠夺性定价和过高定价等。为此，急需建立和完善以反垄断法为核心的规制知识产权滥用法律制度。     

许可合同中限制知识产权滥用的法律规定的冲突问题探究

2004年《对外贸易法》中第30条与2002年《技术进出口管理条例》中第29条同为我国有关许可合同中限制知识产权滥用的法律规定,但两者之间存在冲突。前者由TRIPs协议的第40条转化而来,而后者来源于《联合国国际技术转让行动守则》(草案)。应当将我国对许可合同中知识产权滥用的认定予以统一,完善前者,取消后者。     

滥用知识产权的反垄断法律规制

知识产权是法律赋予的一种合法垄断权,但一旦被滥用,则可能产生排除、限制竞争后果,构成垄断行为。滥用知识产权垄断行为不是一种独立的垄断行为类型,而是分别归于垄断协议、滥用市场支配地位或是經营者集中,因此反垄断行为认定通常遵循本身违法原则和合理分析原则,也同样适用于滥用知识产权垄断行为的具体认定。在知识产权领域的反垄断规制中,合理分析原则的应用范围较本身违法原则更广,居于更为重要的地位,具有一般原则的性质。①目前,美国、欧盟、日本等国家都颁布和制定了有关知识产权垄断的指南或规章,并以本身违法原则和合理分析原则为基础,采取或遵循一种分类规制的原则思路对滥用知识产权垄断行为的认定作出细化规定。我国《反垄断法》第五十五条关于知识产权垄断行为的规定较为原则,极有必要借鉴其他国家和地区的先进做法,研究制订专门的、确定性较高的执法指南或者规则,并将分类规制的思路和方法引入滥用知识产权垄断行为的规制体系。     

论滥用知识产权的反垄断法规制

本文从知识产权的保护和滥用出发,在明确知识产权滥用行为的前提下,论证部分滥用知识产权的行为应当受到反垄断法的规制,针对何种滥用知识产权行为应当由反垄断法规制的问题,提出了立法设定和确定标准。     

知识产权滥用的概念、表现和规制措施

考察了知识产权滥用在西方国家法律中的含义、表现和规制措施.从各国来看,知识产权滥用主要表现为权利人的种种拒绝许可其知识产权的行为或者限制他人利用其知识产权的行为,从而导致了对市场竞争的限制或者对技术转移的阻碍.分析了各国规制知识产权滥用的措施主要是颁发专利强制许可、反垄断法的制裁措施、知识产权滥用作为侵权抗辩理由以及宣布许可合同中的限制性条款无效等.     

论知识产权滥用的反垄断规制

在知识经济逐步走向繁荣的环境之下,知识产权领域中的对权利的滥用手段也在不断更新。所以,对知识产权滥用的规制就成了一个比较棘手的问题,本文以反垄断法对知识产权滥用的规制为出发点和落脚点,对知识产权滥用的基本理论和我国对知识产权规制现状的进行分析。以期在我国建立一个以《反垄断法》为中心的对知识产权滥用的法律规制体系。     

知识产权滥用的反垄断法规制

知识产权是一种具有垄断性的民事权利,在知识经济条件下易于被滥用。知识产权与反垄断法是既对立又统一的关系,同时,反垄断法是规制知识产权滥用的重要方式。鉴于我国知识产权滥用的反垄断法规制现状,制定知识产权领域反垄断执法指南对规制知识产权滥用行为具有重要的意义。     

论国际贸易中知识产权滥用的法律规制

知识产权作为一种人为设定的权利,其实质是一种政策措施,最终目的是为了提高消费者的社会福利,如果知识产权的行使违背了这样的要求,被加以滥用,就应当从法律上加以规制,防止其被滥用.首先,分析国际公约对知识产权滥用的规定;其次,分析世界其他国家对知识产权滥用的法律规制;最后,分析我国知识产权滥用的法律现状及其规制.     

知识产权侵权行政责任及其归责原则探析--兼析TRIPs协议的相关条款

知识产权保护中公权力的介入,意味着其侵权行为,不仅应当承担民事责任,还需要承担行政和刑事责任.过错责任作为法律责任归责的基本原则,是知识产权侵权行政责任的基本归责原则.过错推定作为过错存在的判断方式,既能够适合行政责任追究的特点,也与过错责任原则并行不悖.讨论过错责任的例外,应以区分行政责任的处罚责任和其他责任为前提.为制止违法行为蔓延对行政秩序的损害,其他行政责任的无过错适用,可以认为是过错责任的例外.鉴于TRIPs协议的有关条款对我国相关立法的影响,进一步对TRIPs协议的有关条款进行比较分析,从行政法理论和与TRIPs协议协调与适应两方面,对我国相关立法和执法实践进行探讨是必要的.     

Intellectual property (IP) protection versus IP abuses: The recent development of Chinese IP abuse rules and recommendations for foreign technology-driven companies

This paper will focus on the recent development of the Chinese IP abuse legislation and its potential impact on IP protection and the operation of technology-driven foreign enterprises in China. Firstly, it will provide a brief overview of the TRIPS's requirements on IPR abuse and technology transfer, and the recent development of IP abuse laws at the domestic level, particularly in the US and the EC. Secondly, by drawing a comparison with similar laws in the US and the EC, this paper will critically examine the recent development of the Chinese laws regarding technology transfer and IP abuse prevention, including both the recently enacted Anti-Monopoly Law 2008 (AML) and other prior-AML regulations. Thirdly, the paper will examine both opportunities and potential risks these laws may bring to foreign IP holders/technology-driven companies when operating in China, particularly focusing on the impact of the IP-related provision in the AML. Recent development in antitrust litigation in which Microsoft is a party, including the recent anti-monopoly investigation against Microsoft in China, will also be examined. Lastly, it will provide some practical suggestions for foreign IP holders and technology-driven companies to operate in China, such as useful defences against potential IP abuse claims, and other strategies for flexibly applying the IP abuse rules and better participating in future IP abuse legislative process in China.     

知识产权基本法之构建

知识产权基本法的制定意义重大.知识产权基本法,是指统一调整和规范知识财产的支配关系的法律规范.知识产权基本法为形式意义上的知识产权法,是各知识产权单行法的母法,性质为私法.我国知识产权基本法的立法应采取三步走的步骤:第一步是制定知识产权基本法,第二步是在民法典中制定知识产权法编,第三步是制定知识产权法典.     

发达国家知识产权保护的新动向及我国的应对

发达国家制定的《反假冒贸易协定》已于2011年11月1日生效,其对知识产权的保护设置了新规则,由于知识产权与国际贸易的密切联系,使得该规则将对我国国际贸易产生重大影响.在对《反假冒贸易协定》与《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》进行比较的基础上分析该协定可能产生的影响,及发达国家知识产权保护战略的新动向,进而提出中国在此问题上应有的立场和应对措施.     

失信联合惩戒措施的合法性检讨与控制

失信联合惩戒措施作为一种新型的复合行政行为,在社会治理的各个领域得到广泛运用,但其有效性与合法性之间存在张力,可能会不当限制公民的人格尊严、隐私权、平等权、财产权等基本权利,所以需要进行合法性控制。通过运用依法行政、职权法定、禁止不当联结、比例原则、平等原则以及生存照顾义务等公法原理加以检讨,可以发现失信联合惩戒措施在...     

植物新品种权法律保护：比较与启示

品种权是一种新型的知识产权,需要通过完备的法律予以保护。通过比较TRIPs协定、UPOV条约、欧美、日本等法律,结合实践需要,提出了修订我国《植物新品种保护条例》的思路,为实践中解决品种权侵权纠纷提供理论依据。     

The cornerstones of plant variety protection in India

Traditionally, India—with a high proportion of small farmers—hasbeen cautious in granting IP rights in food and living matter.As India is one of the fastest developing countries, both interms of industry and in its population, the plant breedingand farming industry in India may be expected to play an importantrole in coping with these problems, as the government has realized.For this reason and in order to comply with its obligationsunder Article 27 of the TRIPs Agreement, in 2001 India passedthe Plant Varieties Protection and Farmers' Rights Act (PVPAct). The constraint arising out of a market situation which is determinedmainly by traditional rights of farmers, by the size of thefarms and the dependency of a significant section of the availablerural area, requires a system     

The Need for a Stronger Definition: Recognizing Abandonment as a form of Elder Abuse Across the United States

Elder abuse is a growing public health problem in the United States and statistics show that each year, hundreds of thousands of elders are abused in some manner. This Note discusses elder abuse while focusing specifically on the occurrence of elder abandonment and how the majority of states do not recognize elder abandonment as a form of elder abuse in their statutes. Moreover, this Note proposes a model statute to be adopted by every state in an effort for elder abandonment to become more widely reported. Elder abandonment is an unfortunate phenomenon and those who contribute to elder abandonment should face criminal liability similar to those abusers who engage in elder neglect or other types of elder abuse. Furthermore, this Note emphasizes that there should be a greater focus on how caregivers can seek assistance in order to prevent elder abuse in the United States.     

Intellectual Property Enforcement in Asia: A Reality Check

In recent decades, Asian nations have raced against each otherin enacting the latest intellectual property (IP) laws borrowedfrom the West on the assumption that the laws would functionin the same manner as those in the West. However, the Asiannations’ dismal record of implementation of IP laws hasbecome apparent and turned into a source of dispute with theirtrading partners, chiefly the US, the European Union (EU) andJapan. The fundamental reason for the impasse in enforcement of IPin Asia, as elsewhere in the non-industrial world, lies in thehuge economic and technological gap between them and those ofthe industrial nations. Historically, the need for internationalprotection of IP grew out of the desire of a few West Europeanstates in the early 19^th century to stop imitations of creativeproducts of their citizens beyond national borders. The firstform of such protection was therefore an attempt to suppress,within national borders, illegitimate products affecting businessesoperating beyond those borders. The major concern of countriesthat became parties to IP treaties (whether bilateral, earlieron, or multilateral, from the 1880s onwards) was not howeverabout providing the same level of protection among treaty-membersbut extending any available measure or form of protection tonon-nationals. The recognition and extent of international protectionultimately hinged on the assimilation of non-national goodsto those produced within the national borders. The forms and scope of international IP protection changed dramaticallywith the introduction of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspectsof Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). What TRIPs did wasto provide a level of cross-border protection that may or maynot have been existing previously within the national setting.In other words, TRIPs substituted a structure and mode of protectionthat never considered the necessity of linking with or extendingnational IP forms and scopes as a pre-condition. In short, TRIPsbecame instrumental in planting a veritable disconnect betweenthe IP laws of non-industrial countries (Non-ICs) and theirsocial and economic conditions. It did not proceed from thenation-state’s willingness or determination to have formsof protection adequate for its needs (with the discretion ofnot introducing any if it did not deem such to be necessary)but regardless of such needs. The pressure on Non-ICs to legislateon a par with the major industrial nations (disguised as compliancewith TRIPs requirements), lest they be treated as outlaws andpirates or the like, burdened them with an obligation unheardof in international law—that nations must be willing totake on board legal standards and measures even if the lattermight be detrimental to their own domestic interests. The obligationto adopt standards and measures consonant with the requirementsof the major industrial states but not necessarily with thoseof the Non-ICs was not only a major blow to the pursuit of developmentin Non-ICs but also a deadweight they have to carry forever. The circumstances in which most non-industrial nations wereforced to forego their domestic interests and accede to treatyobligations without being given corresponding minimal benefitsdeserving of sovereign contracting parties lies at the bottomof the disconnect in the protection of IP internationally. Thedenial of the prerogative of non-industrial nations as purportedlyfull sovereigns in international law to demand or foster mutuallybeneficial arrangements in IP protection has generated the disconnectand fuelled the continuity of so-called piracy across the non-industrialworld. This paper attempts to examine whether and how Asian nationshave succeeded in managing the disconnect. It starts, in section1, with a survey of the common misperceptions about the roleof IP. Section 2 then attempts a brief appraisal of the conflictinginterests and forces that condition the level, or lack, of IPlawmaking and enforcement in Asia. Section 3 briefly looks atthe external pressure on Asian Non-ICs in both IP lawmakingand enforcement. Section 4 traces the signs of change in IPenforcement in Asia. The paper concludes that, despite someemerging signs of change in attitudes and levels of IP enforcement,the very same issues will remain at the forefront of IP in Asiaand as a major source of dispute with the US and, to a lesserextent, the EU and Japan. It stresses that progress will continueto elude all parties, whether Asian or foreign.     

论国际法视野下中医药知识产权的保护

我们对于传统中医药知识产权的保护多从私权出发,从而忽视了国家在这一领域内应起的作用。本文试图说明国家在中医药知识产权国际保护中的地位应该得到加强,并且在不违背其所承担的国际义务的前提下,可以通过强化其外部贸易政策来实现这一目的。