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1.
This paper examines how forensic clinicians, particularly psychiatrists, help maintain the “constructed normality” of capitalist,
patriarchal relations in contemporary liberal democratic states. The specific focus is a comparison of decision-making about
accused women and men at a Canadian pre-trial clinic. Using quantitative and qualitative data, the authors argue that clinicians
rarely express overt bias towards “clients”, but their assessments for the courts are shaped by intertwined assumptions about
class and gender embodied in familial ideology which condemn most of the assessees to negative outcomes. Thus, forensic psychiatrists
make moral judgements about accused persons which are transformed by technocratic, medico-legal discourse into “scientific”
ones. In this way, clinicians individualize and depoliticize the deviance of their “clients” and provide the rationale for
decisions made by other carceral agents to sanction offenders. 相似文献
2.
David C. Mowery 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2011,36(6):697-711
A substantial literature on nanotechnology innovation and commercial development has characterized several elements of these
phenomena as constituting new developments in the US national innovation system. Among these elements are the (asserted) “post-academic”
nature of US universities’ involvement with nanotechnology R&D, and federal funding of nanotechnology R&D on goals related
to economic competitiveness. This paper challenges the “novelty” of these elements, while suggesting that other elements of
nanotechnology R&D, including the extensive patenting of the results of nanotechnology-related research and the emphasis within
many university-industry collaborations on patent-based channels for “technology transfer,” may indeed be new and raise questions
for the long-term efficiency and innovative performance of nanotechnology-related R&D. 相似文献
3.
T. Hicks F. Taroni J. Curran J. Buckleton V. Castella O. Ribaux 《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2010,4(5):316-322
Familial searching consists of searching for a full profile left at a crime scene in a National DNA Database (NDNAD). In this paper we are interested in the circumstance where no full match is returned, but a partial match is found between a database member's profile and the crime stain. Because close relatives share more of their DNA than unrelated persons, this partial match may indicate that the crime stain was left by a close relative of the person with whom the partial match was found. This approach has successfully solved important crimes in the UK and the USA. In a previous paper, a model, which takes into account substructure and siblings, was used to simulate a NDNAD [1]. In this paper, we have used this model to test the usefulness of familial searching and offer guidelines for pre-assessment of the cases based on the likelihood ratio. Siblings of “persons” present in the simulated Swiss NDNAD were created. These profiles (N = 10,000) were used as traces and were then compared to the whole database (N = 100,000). The statistical results obtained show that the technique has great potential confirming the findings of previous studies. However, effectiveness of the technique is only one part of the story. Familial searching has juridical and ethical aspects that should not be ignored. In Switzerland for example, there are no specific guidelines to the legality or otherwise of familial searching. This article both presents statistical results, and addresses criminological and civil liberties aspects to take into account risks and benefits of familial searching. 相似文献
4.
The “Rotten Apple” theory states that deviant police officers are those who psychological testing fails to screen out. This
concept is favored by police administrators because it offers a quick and easy solution to police deviant behavior. However,
there is a growing body of literature that suggests that it is the stressful occupation that is policing that is the fertile
soil from which police deviant behavior springs otherwise known as the “Rotten Barrel” theory. This article shall explore
police deviant behavior from the perspective that it is the “Rotten Barrel” that leads to police deviant behavior. 相似文献
5.
The importance of “spillovers” in the policy mission of the advanced technology program 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Adam B. Jaffe 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》1998,23(2):11-19
Government policies like the Advanced Technology Program (“ATP”) are intended, at least in part, to remedy the “market failure”
inherent in the fact that a significant portion of the social benefits of new knowledge and technology are not captured by
a firm that invests in R&D. ATP’s project selection, and its evaluation of the impact of its program, can be made more effective
by explicitly incorporating the analysis of such “spillovers.” For project selection, this means identifying technological,
organizational and economic factors that tend to oint to a large “spillover gap,” or deviation between the social and private
rates of return to a proposed project. For program evaluation and assessment, it means adapting existing study methods that
measure social returns to innovation in ways that explicitly capture spillover effects.
This paper is based on a study that I performed for the ATP, Economic Analysis of Research Spillovers: Implications for the
Advanced Technology Program, NIST GCR 97-708. I have benefited from comments and useful discussions with Zvi Griliches, Jeanne
Powell, Rosalie Ruegg, and Richard Spivack. Some of the ideas in this paper grew out of previous joint research with James
Adams. The views expressed herein are my own, however, and should not be attributed to any of these individuals or to the
ATP. 相似文献
6.
Zhiyun Liu 《Frontiers of Law in China》2011,6(3):496-523
From the origin, there has been a strong connection between international relations and international law. In the development
of the history of different academic subjects, the research on international relations and international law are interdependently
promoting each other. As a result, the realization of interdisciplinary research on international legal theory and the study
of international law is inevitable. As a matter of fact, even though the interdisciplinary research of the two subjects has
been separated for almost half a century, the need for the development of the subject and the changing world political and
economical status give them a new chance for reunification. Recently, the interdisciplinary research on international relations
theory and international law by the Western academic is becoming the order of the day, which has become the latest shining
point of the recent development of the two subjects, which is even regarded as the new revolution of international relations
theory and the study of international law. In this context, the past ten years is a period of emergence of Chinese international
relations and the interdisciplinary research of international law. In the past ten years, some scholars have overcome “the
difficulty of interdisciplinary research,” “the prejudice within the subject” and “the gap among different subjects,” and
made pioneering research in the field of “systematic connection” and “issues in overlapping field.” Moreover, they gradually
make the interdisciplinary research to be a popular method and a common recognition. Based on the current studies, interdisciplinary
research will have a broad future in the fields such as “the interchange of concepts,” “the exchange of method,” and “the
mutual assistance of materials,” which will provide scholars in this area with a broad space for research. 相似文献
7.
Mingxiang Liu 《Frontiers of Law in China》2011,6(3):369-386
Credit card fraud is a new type of fraud amended into the Criminal Law of China in 1997. The “credit card” under credit card fraud is interpreted as a very board concept, which includes debit card and
virtually all electronic payment cards used in ordinary payment, credit loan, transfer and settlement of account, cash deposit
and withdrawal. Therefore, it is necessary for the legislature to revise “credit card” under this special fraud into “electronic
payment card,” and “credit card fraud” into “electronic payment card fraud,” which will be understood easily and precisely.
“Use” and “fraudulent use” of credit card under this fraud is defined as ordinary use of credit card, including withdrawal
cash with authentic or forged credit card from ATMs. It is unreasonable to define “malicious overdraft” as a form of credit
card fraud under the Chinese Criminal Law. In the future amendment, this kind of criminal conduct shall be separated as independent
named as “malicious overdraft” or “abuse of credit card” under the Criminal Law with less stiff statutory punishment than
that of credit card fraud. Besides, under the Chinese Criminal Law, stealing credit card and using it is held as “theft,”
which is neither reasonable nor logical. Therefore, it should be revised in the future criminal law. 相似文献
8.
Charles Woolfson 《Critical Criminology》2006,14(4):339-364
This article begins by presenting a brief overview of the neglected area of “safety crime” in the post-communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. Quantitative and qualitative evidence is reviewed, suggesting both the widespread nature of safety crimes, and a deteriorating work environment, in which safety crimes are routinely tolerated. Evidence of the “institutionalized tolerance of non-compliance” is provided through a case study of labor inspection in the new member states, focusing on Latvia, currently the worst performer in health and safety in Europe. Against a background of general violations of labor rights, current innovations in European-level regulatory strategies are critiqued, in particular, the shift towards “soft law” and compliance-based strategies, relying on appeals to corporate social responsibility, together with the encouragement of various forms of voluntary initiatives. It is suggested that such (self)-regulatory strategies may be inappropriate as forms of crime control in the new member states of the European Union. In effect, a convergence domestic and European Union policies may open the door to the further “conventionalization” of safety crimes in the new member states.This article is based on a paper first presented to a seminar, “Regulating Corporate Crime and White-Collar Crime: Developments across Europe”, Finnish Police College, Helsinki, 3–4 September, 2004. Financial support for the research was provided by a European Commission Marie Curie chair award (no: 509727). The author would like to thank Kit Carson and Steve Tombs, as well as the participants in the Helsinki seminar for their helpful comments. Any errors remain those of the author alone. 相似文献
9.
This paper studies the relationship between news sources, knowledge claims and the social construction of truth surrounding
the public inquiry into the Westray mine disaster from 1995 to 1998. We draw on Michel Foucault’s concept of the “politics
of truth” and Stanley Cohen’s ideas about “states of denial” to demonstrate how formal media processes constituted “regimes
of truth” about Westray. We argue that news discourse about the public inquiry was framed differently from news coverage in
the immediate aftermath of the explosion (1992–1993). Later press reporting constructed a new “regime of truth” around political
scandal but corporate crime was written out of existence in the truth-telling exercises of the press. 相似文献
10.
《Science & justice》2020,60(1):1-8
Human biological samples with multiple contributors remain one of the most challenging aspects of DNA typing within a forensic science context. With the increasing sensitivity of commercially available kits allowing detection of low template DNA, complex mixtures are now a standard component of forensic DNA evidence. Over the years, various methods and techniques have been developed to try to resolve the issue of mixed profiles. However, forensic DNA analysis has relied on the same markers to generate DNA profiles for the past 30 years causing considerable challenges in the deconvolution of complex mixed samples. The future of resolving complicated DNA mixtures may rely on utilising markers that have been previously applied to gene typing of non-forensic relevance. With Massively Parallel Sequencing (MPS), techniques becoming more popular and accessible even epigenetic markers have become a source of interest for forensic scientists.The aim of this review is to consider the potential of alleles from the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) complex as effective forensic markers. While Massively Parallel Sequencing of HLA is routinely used in clinical laboratories in fields such as transplantation, pharmacology or population studies, there have not been any studies testing its suitability for forensic casework samples. 相似文献
11.
Yuguan Yang 《Frontiers of Law in China》2007,2(3):403-417
In reference to the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (hereinafter referred to “the Covenants”),
the state compensation system of China in criminal justice shall be reformed as such: Compensation for a miscarriage of justice
should not be determined by the results of first instance or second instance, but no guilty through retrial in the final trial
upon finding of new evidences. If policemen, prosecutors and judiciaries take lawful measures, causing loss to the suspected
due to arrest, detention or other enforcement in the criminal proceedings, the suspected should not get the state compensation
for that even if he is decided no guilty in the final trial. If the suspected is cooped up illegally, he should get the state
compensation even if being decided guilty finally. The measures of search and seizure should be included in coercive measures,
hence differentiating the lawful search and seizure and the unlawful infringement of the property rights.
Yang Yuguan, Professor of the Procedure Law Institute in China University of Political Science and Law, whose research mainly
covers procedure law and human rights law. He wrote many books and essays, for instance, “Computer and Crime” (1986), “On
Plea Bargaining” (1986), “Basic Education in Prisons in China” (1995), “The United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
Policy” (1996), “On the Ratification and Implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights” (2000),
“On Hearsay” (2001), “On Exclusionary Rule” (2002), “Human Rights Law: Study On International Covenant on Civil and Political
Right” (2003), “The International Criminal Court: Idea, reality and Prospective” (2007), “Death Penalty Control with Procedural
Law” (2006), “On Due Process of Law and Human Rights Protection” (2005). He was once a researcher fellow of Ministry of Justice
of China, a member of the Crime Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office at Vienna, and an editor-in-chief in some books,
such as “The United Nations Criminal Justice Norms and Standards”, “The United Nations Human Rights Treaty Bodies and their
Comments”, “A Study On UN Convention of Anti-corruption”. 相似文献
12.
Kevin J. Murtagh 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2012,6(1):21-30
In this article, I propose and argue for a conception of inhuman treatment. In the human rights context, I claim, inhuman
treatment is that which is grossly degrading. Relative to “cruel,” “inhumane,” and “degrading,” “inhuman” has received little
attention from moral philosophers. My aim here is to analyze this concept in greater depth in order to determine what it brings
to discussions about punishment and other kinds of treatment. I begin by drawing distinctions between “inhuman,” “inhumane,”
and “degrading.” Then, I discuss analyses of “inhuman treatment” proposed by Jeremy Waldron and John Vorhaus. Although I find
both conceptions problematic, discussing each helps me to set the stage for my proposal. After articulating and arguing for
my own conception, I conclude by briefly explaining some of its implications. 相似文献
13.
John A. Hunter Aurelio Jose Figueredo Neil M. Malamuth 《Journal of family violence》2010,25(2):141-148
Path analysis was used to assess the contribution of four exogenous developmental variables (sexual abuse, physical abuse,
exposure to violence, exposure to pornography—each occurring prior to age 13) and four personality constructs (“psychopathic
and antagonistic attitudes,” “psychosocial deficits,” “pedophilia,” “hostile masculinity”) to the prediction of non-sexual
delinquency and number of male child victims in a sample of 256 adolescent males with a history of “hands-on” sexual offending.
“Psychosocial deficits” was found to partially mediate the effects of the exogenous variables on both outcomes. Exposure to
violence both directly, and indirectly through “psychopathic and antagonistic attitudes,” contributed to the prediction of
non-sexual delinquency. Sexual abuse by a male directly, and indirectly through “hostile masculinity” and “pedophila”, contributed
to prediction of number of male child victims. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed. 相似文献
14.
This study examined maltreated and non-maltreated children’s (N = 183) emerging understanding of “truth” and “lie,” terms about which they are quizzed to qualify as competent to testify.
Four- to six-year-old children were asked to accept or reject true and false (T/F) statements, label T/F statements as the
“truth” or “a lie,” label T/F statements as “good” or “bad,” and label “truth” and “lie” as “good” or “bad.” The youngest
children were at ceiling in accepting/rejecting T/F statements. The labeling tasks revealed improvement with age and children
performed similarly across the tasks. Most children were better able to evaluate “truth” than “lie.” Maltreated children exhibited
somewhat different response patterns, suggesting greater sensitivity to the immorality of lying. 相似文献
15.
W. Gordon West 《Critical Criminology》1989,1(1):99-112
This paper argues that a global perspective is demanded by neo-Marxist methodological considerations, pointing out that traditional
comparative criminology has been seriously flawed in its assumptions and preconceptions. A critical comparative criminology
must be based on a world system and/or dependency model, coupled with human rights concerns. The crucial concerns of critical
criminology are re-identified within a problematic of the concepts: “reproduction”, “production”, “the state”, and “transformation”.
Their relevance to a comparative criminology is underscored, by way of critiquing north/western (including Canadian) critical
criminology. The paper ends by drawing out some of the implications of this approach for justice theory and research in Canada. 相似文献
16.
Albert R. Roberts 《Journal of family violence》2006,21(8):521-527
Family violence is a prevalent, dangerous, and often life-threatening social and public health problem. It is an indiscriminating crime that knows few boundaries, as recent annual estimates indicate that over 8.7 million women are battered by husbands, boyfriends, and other intimate partners [Roberts, 2002; Roberts & Roberts, 2005]. This article examines a new five-level classificatory schema or typology detailing the duration and severity of woman battering. Five hundred and one battered women completed in-depth interviews which formed the basis for a new classification typology ranging from short-term to chronic to homicidal levels. The current research on different types of battering relationships provides clinicians and forensic specialists with psychosocial indicators that can be utilized as a basis for early intervention and prevention of lethal consequences. The concept of the unknown prevalence of women abuse, or the “dark figure,” is also addressed in this article. Additionally, practical suggestions are made for implementing crisis intervention protocols. 相似文献
17.
Drawing on histories of technological innovation originating from research by faculty at The Pennsylvania State University
and Johns Hopkins University, this paper presents evidence for a “technology” as well as an “intellectual property rights”
research approach to the commercialization of academic patents. By describing how inventor and firm activities and strategies
affect the technical development and commercial positioning of university patents, a technology focus adds depth to the general
proposition that university patents are embryonic technologies. It likewise serves as an analytical probe to reconsider other
mainstream propositions about university technology transfer. 相似文献
18.
Michael Johnston 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2008,49(3):205-223
Both generalizations about “Asian corruption”, and claims about greater or lesser amounts of corruption, tend to overlook
the many variations existing among and within Asian societies, and among the corruption problems they experience. I suggest
that deeper influences in social, political and economic development, and contrasting institutional settings, create four
distinctive syndromes of corruption, each with its own set of implications for relationships between wealth and power. Japan
is an example of “influence markets” in which private interests buy or rent influence over relatively specific policy outcomes
within a strong state. Korea is a case of “elite cartels”, in which collusion and corrupt incentives enable several kinds
of elites to cooperate in governing, enriching themselves, and resisting rising political competition. The Philippines is
marked by “oligarchs and clans”, with powerful families and their entourages plundering a weak state in a climate of uncertainty
and insecurity. China experiences “official mogul” corruption, in which officials abuse state power with impunity, although
that process is becoming increasingly fragmented. The four syndromes may help us understand why corruption and rapid growth
have coexisted in some, but not all, Asian states for long periods of time, and may also help us understand why some of those
states will adapt to new global realities only with some difficulty. They also show how “consensus”-driven reforms emanating
from the west may not only be ineffective, but may actually make matters worse. 相似文献
19.
Douglas Osto 《Journal of Indian Philosophy》2009,37(3):273-290
This article argues for a new interpretation of the Sanskrit compound gaṇḍa-vyūha as it is used in the common title of the Mahāyāna text the Gaṇḍavyūha-Sūtra.The author begins by providing a brief history of the sūtra’s appellations in Chinese and Tibetan sources. Next, the meanings
of gaṇḍa (the problematic member of the compound) are explored. The author proposes that contemporary scholars have overlooked
a meaning of gaṇḍa occurring in some compounds, wherein gaṇḍa can mean simply “great,” “big” or “massive.” This general sense is particularly common in the compound gaṇda-śaila (a “massive rock” or “boulder”) and is found in such texts as the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, the Harivaṃśa and the Harṣacarita. Following the discussion of Gaṇḍa, the author examines the term vyūha (“array”) as it is used in the Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra. The article concludes with the suggestion that a more appropriate translation of the Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra would be “The Supreme array Scripture.” 相似文献
20.
Kristian Lasslett 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2010,54(1):1-19
This paper proposes to examine some of the core philosophical issues to have arisen out of the recent calls to move “beyond
criminology”. It will be claimed that the dismissal of crime as a “fictive event” is premature, as crime does indeed have
an “ontological reality”. Nevertheless, it will be asserted that the relation between harm and crime is contingent rather
than necessary. Accordingly, this paper will argue that there is merit to the claim that we should unify research on social
harm through the creation of a new field, a step which would have the added benefit of constructing an alternative venue for
crimes of the powerful scholars who wish to explore the destructive practices of states and corporations unconstrained. This
paper, therefore, will also offer a dialectical definition of social harm based upon classical Marxist strains of ontological
thought. 相似文献