THE SOCIAL ECOLOGY OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN*

Despite more than three decades of research on the topic of violence against women, the relative contribution of individual, family and community factors to victimization risk remains unknown. We use self‐report data from the Area‐Identified National Crime Victimization Survey to study the correlates of stranger, nonstranger and intimate‘partner violence against women. Regardless of victim‐offender relationship, we find that the risk for victimization is highest among young, single women with children, particularly those who have lived in the current home for relatively shorter periods. Area family and age composition appear to have stronger direct relationships with women's violence than poverty or racial composition measures. We also find there to be more similarities than differences in the individual, family, and community correlates of stranger, nonstranger and intimate partner violence. We discuss these findings as part of the growing body of multilevel literature on violence and on violence against women.     

鼠抗人转铁蛋白单链抗体基因的构建

目的为了得到可经载体连接表达、并只由抗体可变区构成的单链抗体基因而进行本实验.方法经扩增得到的鼠抗人转铁蛋白抗体轻、重链可变区基因经凝胶电泳分离、离心柱纯化及定量,同能柔性折叠的一段短连接肽基因一起进行扩增拼接反应,而后在含限切酶位点的引物指导下扩增引入限切酶SfiI和NotI的酶切位点识别序列,产物以电泳鉴定、纯化和定量,再分别用SfiI和NotI酶切消化,最后再柱纯化.结果得到了携带可与载体连接的粘性末端的鼠抗人转铁蛋白单链抗体基因.结论两个不同的基因通过两端含互补序列的第三个基因片断可只经过扩增而无需DNA连接酶的作用而连接起来.对于抗体基因可由此而产生新的轻重链基因的组合,有可能产生性能更优异的抗体.     

分泌抗人类血型-H抗原单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株建立及初步应用

应用杂交瘤技术,建立了两株分泌抗 H 的单克隆抗体细胞株 H_(2-6)H_8和 B_(2-5)D_9。经体外培养半年以上,生物学性状稳定。两株细胞分泌的抗体属 IgM 类,特异性识别 H 型物质,与几种常见动物的红细胞无交叉反应。培养上清液和腹水的抗体效价最高分别达1024倍和1.28×10~5倍,可用在中和试验、免疫斑点法中,在实际办案中应用理想。     

REMEDIES UNDER CONTRACT LAW: Designing Rules to Facilitate Out-of-Court Settlements

The law of contract is analyzed in economic terms, focusing on the influence of formal rules in contract disputes. An argument is presented for the utility of designing rules with an understanding of their impact on the relative regulating strength of the parties seeking to bargain out of court. Several reasons are identified for suggesting that unless designed for such out-of-court negotiations formal rules need to be different from those suitable for the resolution of contract disputes in the courts.     

BUILDING A BRIDGE

This article examines how family mediation training was used to construct a bridge between cultural and legal norms in an attempt to help heal a community struggling with assimilation challenges.     

BUILDING AN ADMINISTRATIVE COURT AS A GOAL OF ADMINISTRATIVE JUDICIAL SYSTEM REFORM

With rapid social and economic development, nowadays there are an increasing number of social conflicts, especially administrative disputes between the government and individual citizens. However, many of the conflicts cannot be effectively solved through administrative litigation, which continuously leads to a high rate of appeals and complaints, making it ever more difficult to resolve administrative disputes. Often susceptible to interference from local party committees and governments, courts face difficulties to accept complaints, conduct trials, make decisions and enforce judgments, which make courts dysfunctional in supervising administrative organs. All the issues above are caused by problems in the court administration system. The control of the court’s personnel, expenses and property is decentralized, with courts divided by administrative regions, income provided through local finance and personnel controlled by local party committees. However, administrative organs are defendants in administrative litigations and courts are to review the legality of administrative acts. It is neither realistic nor logical to have courts in the de facto control of local governments to supervise the governments. Therefore, it is of necessity to build a vertical administrative court system subordinated to the Supreme People’s Court. This vertical system shall free courts from the control of local governments, overcome localization of the judiciary, and would be able to effectively solve administrative conflicts and ensure that government decisions/orders are smoothly carried out.     

THE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN ACT

Domestic abuse allegations have become a serious problem in our society. They present our court system with difficult decisions and problems. This becomes an even more difficult situation when the abused is an illegal immigrant. Many of the abused are too frightened or intimidated to go to the authorities for help. This article examines how the U.S. government is attempting to protect these immigrants .