被害情境下的被害人与个人预防

在犯罪被害人学出现之前,学者们对犯罪的研究主要集中于"犯罪人"身上.在加害与被害互动理论的推动下,越来越多的学者将目光转向在犯罪现象中与犯罪人有着某种互动关系的被害人身上,犯罪被害人学应运而生.没有被害就没有犯罪,在很多情况下,被害人自身所具有的被害性(尤其是特殊被害性)会加功于某种被害情境的营造,最终促进了被害的发生.被害预防是与犯罪预防优势互补的预防体系,从被害人的角度出发,通过减少被害性因素,使潜在的犯罪被害人和重复被害可能性的被害人免于被害或重复被害.     

论合同诈骗犯罪的被害及预防

当前合同诈骗犯罪急剧上升，有其社会原因和犯罪人方面的原因，但也有被害人方面的原因。本文从被害人的被害性分析入手剖析被害人的责任、过错以及被害性，提出相应的被害预防对策。     

论被害性、犯罪动机与被害预防

被害人的被害性是指在犯罪过程中与犯罪的发生有关的条件中属于被害人的各种条件的总括,被害人被害性成为犯罪人挑选被害人的重要依据,由此可见,被害性对犯罪动机的形成、发展、变化都有着重要影响,研究他们之间的关系有助于更好地了解犯罪动机的发生、发展、变化,从而有针对性地做好被害预防工作。     

犯罪被害人学视阈中的被害性问题研究

传统犯罪学研究遵从＂犯罪中心主义＂,作为犯罪对象的被害人长期未受重视。犯罪人、被害人和犯罪行为是犯罪学的核心要素,绝大部分犯罪中都存在犯罪人和被害人互动的现象,忽视被害人的犯罪学研究进路是片面的,不可能全面揭示犯罪原因及提出科学的犯罪预防对策。犯罪被害人通常在生理、心理、社会或行为等方面存在一些被害性因素,导致自己更容易成为犯罪的侵害对象。通过对这些被害性因素的分析,结合部分常见犯罪的案发特征,提出被害预防的有关思路和对策。     

犯罪场语境下的被害预防

在犯罪场中研究犯罪人和被害人的互动,通过预防被害来控制犯罪,无疑是预防犯罪的一条有益的路径。在对传统犯罪场理论批判的基础上,对犯罪场进行重构,主张建立以犯罪人和被害人双向互动为中心的犯罪场,并用系统论的方法分析犯罪场中的基本要素,探讨犯罪场中各子系统内部的运动规律和各子系统相互间的运动规律,针对这些规律,提出了在犯罪场中预防被害的建议。     

被害预防——预防未成年人犯罪的新思路

长期以来我们只重视从犯罪人的角度去预防未成年人犯罪,忽视了被害人在预防未成年人犯罪中的重要作用。被害预防是社会和个体为免遭犯罪侵害、防止被害现象产生而采取的一切阻遏、减少被害可能性的对策总和。被害预防分为被害前、被害中以及被害后预防,必须把被害预防和犯罪预防结合起来,才能有效遏制日益增长的未成年人犯罪现象的发生。     

简论被害预防

预防犯罪的研究十多年来有较快的发展,其主要研究方向集中在减少引起犯罪的原因和挽救、教育潜在的犯罪人方面。而对犯罪行为恶果的直接承受者——被害人的不良状态及被事预防则注意甚少。本文试作探索。被害预防的基本要求我们在分析具体犯罪发生过程中发现,在有预谋的犯罪中,一般来说,犯罪人在犯罪动机形成之后,犯罪行为实施之前,还耍选择犯罪对象、衡量作案条件,考虑逃避惩罚等。犯罪人寻找侵害对象,主要看对方是否处于不良状态。扒窃者往往先在公共场所物色扒窃对象,从他们的年龄、服饰、神态判断     

防控犯罪理念的转变:从犯罪预防到被害预防

正传统的犯罪预防理论主要致力于消除犯罪人因素,但世界范围内高涨的犯罪率证明这条道路艰难而且成效甚微。随着近年来出现的"重新发现被害人"的潮流,在刑事法领域考量被害人因素的动向日趋明显,从犯罪被害人的角度预防被害以控制犯罪,受到越来越多学者的关注。从被害人的角度预防被害,就是在研究被害的各种因素的基础上采取的以被害人为核心的防范犯罪被害的各种措施。实践中的很多案件中,被害人虽然未被视为犯罪产生的原因,但被害人方面的     

社会资本与生活方式视角下的犯罪与被害重叠研究

犯罪与被害重叠是西方犯罪学近年来的重要发现,尽管已经有众多研究分别讨论了我国的犯罪与被害情况,但对于被害与犯罪重叠的研究人们知之甚少,本研究以J市某看守所591名在押人员为样本,分析犯罪与被害重叠现象,用社会资本与风险生活方式为主要理论视角,解释犯罪行为与被害经历的联系,研究结果表明犯罪与被害确实存在重叠现象,社会资本弱以及高风险的生活方式会使人更容易同时成为犯罪人与被害人.     

浅论犯罪被害预防体系的构建

犯罪被害预防是犯罪预防的一种新思路。本文指出在传统犯罪预防于当今社会受挫的背景下,犯罪被害预防不仅必要且十分可行。犯罪被害预防是一个综合体系,可分为社会被害预防、社区被害预防以及个体被害预防三个体系层次。     

Secondary Victimization of Crime Victims by Criminal Proceedings

It is conceivable that criminal proceedings cause psychological harm to the crime victims involved, that is, cause secondary victimization. To investigate this hypothesis, negative and positive effects of criminal proceedings were investigated, as perceived by 137 victims of violent crimes who were involved in trials several years previously. Trial outcome and procedure variables were measured as potential causes of secondary victimization. Results show a high proportion of victims reporting overall negative effects. Powerful predictors were outcome satisfaction and procedural justice, but not subjective punishment severity, interactional justice, and psychological stress by criminal proceedings. The practical implications of the results pertain to whether victims should be advised to report the crime to the police or not, and to appropriate prevention and intervention measures of secondary victimization by criminal proceedings.     

Few and far between: understanding the role of the victim in federal environmental crime prosecutions in the United States

Efforts to gather systematic data and undertake empirical studies on the extent of environmental crime, the magnitude of environmental victimization, and the punishment of environmental offenders in the United States remains elusive in the criminological literature. We take a novel approach to studying these gaps in the literature, by examining federal environmental crime prosecutions. While not all encompassing, this approach advances the literature by providing valuable insights into what types of human victimization occur, the role victims play in prosecutions, and how offenders are punished. What is the nature and extent of case-documented environmental victimization with regard to human victimization in the U.S. over the past decade? We address this question through a content analysis of the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) criminal investigation cases, 2001–11. Out of 972 total criminal cases, we find that only 3 % of cases involve acute or identifiable victimization. Environmental crime victims, unless immediately harmed, are not likely to play a major role in environmental crime cases; thereby limiting potential political and public attention to victims of environmental crime.     

Crime in the country: The vulnerability and victimization of rural citizens

While a considerable body of research, theory, and statistics has developed concerning the “urban crime problem” in America, crime in rural areas has been comparatively neglected. This study addresses that neglect by refining and extending National Crime Panel victimization survey techniques to elicit the victimization experiences, perceptions, fears, and actions of residents of a highly representative rural county in the midwestern United States. The implications of this study are discussed, including the need to educate rural citizens concerning crime prevention in order to reduce their vulnerability to continued victimization. The data suggest that the romanticization surrounding rural America may help mask the fact that increasing diffusion of criminal behavior, along with increasing homogenization of our society, have significantly eroded the rural/urban dichotomy which has dominated criminological inquiry.     

ADOLESCENT VICTIMIZATION AND INCOME DEFICITS IN ADULTHOOD: RETHINKING THE COSTS OF CRIMINAL VIOLENCE FROM A LIFE‐COURSE PERSPECTIVE*

Estimating the financial costs of criminal violence to victims is important for assessing both the impact of crime on individuals and evaluating the feasibility and utility of various crime prevention, crime control, and criminal justice policies. Traditionally, such estimates focus on short‐term costs: costs connected to the victimization event itself and costs incurred during the immediate aftermath. Although the possibility of more long‐term costs is acknowledged, research has yet to articulate how and to what extent criminal violence impacts socioeconomic fortunes. In this article, I propose a life‐course model for estimating the long‐term costs of violent victimization. Using prospective, longitudinal data from a national sample of American adolescents, and retrospective data from a national sample of Canadians, I use this conceptual model to estimate income losses over the life cycle associated with violent victimization. Three significant results are reported. First, income losses from violent victimization are age‐graded, with the greatest costs occurring for victimization experienced in adolescence. Second, criminal violence experienced in adolescence appears to influence later earnings by disrupting processes of educational and occupational attainment. Third, the total costs of criminal violence over the life course for adolescents are considerable in comparison to estimates provided in previous research. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.     

Victims of fraud: comparing victims of white collar and violent crime

Mental health professionals have focused attention on the psychiatric sequelae of criminal victimization. This article compares the experience of white collar and violent crime victims on several parameters including statistical risk of victimization and psychiatric outcome after victimization. Emphasis is given to data obtained from interviewing 77 victims of a fraudulent financial scheme.     

Procedural Justice and Psychological Effects of Criminal Proceedings: The Moderating Effect of Offense Type

It is well-established that victims of crime have numerous preferences when encountering the criminal justice system. Often, research examines these preferences in terms of procedural justice, asserting that elements such as voice, respect, and fair treatment may lead to greater satisfaction and more positive experiences. Positive experiences also entail preventing secondary victimization by the legal system. Much of the research surrounding this topic, however, discusses victims of crime as a single entity. The current research examines if differences among crime victims, namely whether they suffered sexual or non-sexual victimizations, influence their legal preferences. Victims of sexual assault have undergone particularly traumatic and stigmatizing experiences that may warrant a greater need for expression and understanding of their harm. It is hypothesized that for victims of sexual assault, there will be a stronger association between procedural justice and negative psychological effects of criminal proceedings. Therefore, type of offense is examined as a moderator variable of this relationship. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that there is in fact an interaction effect for procedural justice and psychological effects, suggesting that these preferences are more desired by victims of sexual assault.     

Fraud victimization: Risky business or just bad luck?

Victimology theory recognizes that the characteristics, attitudes, and behaviors of potential victims influence the likelihood of criminal victimization. An important question for victimologists is whether potential victims put themselves at risk by engaging in risky behavior or whether victimization is primarily a result of bad luck. While this question has been investigated extensively with respect to street crime victimization, little attempt has been made to apply it to victimization by fraud. This article investigates the influence of attitudes toward financial risk taking on the likelihood of fraud victimization. Using data from a telephone survey of 400 randomly sampled respondents, we find that age and attitudes toward financial risk taking are significantly related to the likelihood of attempted victimizations but not to successful victimizations.     

现行刑法体系下遗弃罪内涵的重新建构

遗弃罪是传统型的犯罪,随着社会观念与人际关系的变迁,如果将遗弃罪的行为对象仅限定在家庭成员之间,并不利于对公民人身法益的保护.遗弃罪在刑法体系中位置的变化为重新建构遗弃罪的内涵提供了契机.正确理解刑法上的"扶养义务"是合理确定遗弃罪行为对象外延的关键."紧密生活共同体"是认定遗弃罪中"扶养义务"的现实基础."扶养义务"的来源受事实上扶养关系的制约.义务的扶养性、义务程度的紧迫性是遗弃罪与以遗弃方式实施的不作为的故意杀人罪的主要区别.