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1.
This cross-temporal meta-analysis examined 6,120 American college students’ scores on the Belief in a Just World Scale (BJW;
Rubin and Peplau, J Soc Issues 31(3):65–90, 1975) across the last three and a half decades. Drawing on models of belief threat, we examined whether the causal relationship
between perceived injustice and increases in BJW could extend from the laboratory to society by using macro-economic injustice
trends to predict changes in BJW across these decades. Specifically, we hypothesized that perceptions of inequality, operationalized
as rising income disparities, would result in a greater need to justify this inequality and that this would be evidenced by
increased commitment to just world beliefs over time. Consistent with this prediction, BJW scores increased significantly
over time and this increase was positively related to increasing income disparities in society. Income inequality remained
a significant predictor of BJW scores even after controlling for additional factors of general income and political ideology.
Implications of increasing just world beliefs are discussed in terms of psychological and policy outcomes. 相似文献
2.
This exploratory study investigated whether rape victims’ subjective perceptions of whether to proceed with legal action were
associated with their experience of disclosing to the police during their initial interview. Specifically, the study investigated
associations between symptoms of PTSD, shame and self-blame post-rape, subjective perceptions of police empathy and subjective
perception of victims’ intentions to take the case to court. Participants (N = 22) were found to have elevated levels of PTSD
severity, shame and self-blame. Police empathy was positively correlated with victims’ ratings of likelihood of taking the
case to court, and negatively correlated with PTSD severity and shame. These preliminary findings suggest that training police
officers how to respond more empathically to psychologically distressed rape victims may potentially help reduce victim attrition
rates. 相似文献
3.
There is a large body of evidence that the belief in a just world (BJW) affects people’s behaviors and attitudes, either through
secondary victimization of innocent victims or the promotion of helping behavior. In this article, we aim to address the normativity
of the very expression of BJW. Results of two experimental studies show that the expression of a higher degree of BJW is more
socially valued than that of a lower one. We argue that this pattern should not only be seen as deriving from intrapersonal
motivation to see the world as a predictable place, but also as a norm which seems to be perceived as having both social utility
and desirability.
The research reported in this article was supported by grant SFRHD/BD/10816/2002 awarded to Hélder Alves by Fundacao para
a Ciência e Tecnologia. We thank Jorge Vala, Melvin Lerner, and Sven Waldzus for their suggestions during this research and
to Kees van den Bos, José-Miguel Fernández-Dols and Cícero Pereira for their comments on previous versions of this article. 相似文献
4.
People have a need to Belief in a Just World (BJW) in which people get what they deserve. When people are confronted with
an event which threatens this BJW (e.g. when they witness a girl falling victim to rape), people try to maintain their existing
beliefs, for example, by blaming the innocent victim for her ill fate. We argue that this defensive process of blaming innocent
victims in essence stems from self-regulatory failure. In accordance with this line of reasoning, our first experiment shows
that when self-regulatory resources were depleted (i.e. in the case of high ego-depletion) before BJW threatening information
describing an innocent victim of a rape crime, the effect of BJW threat on victim blaming amplified. Study 2 shows that when
self-regulation was facilitated by means of self-affirmation after the BJW threatening information, the effect of BJW threat
on victim blaming vanished. Taken together, our findings suggest that coping with BJW threats involve self-regulatory processes
leading to more or less defensive reactions (like blaming innocent victims). When people’s self-regulatory resources are depleted,
they react more negatively to innocent victims when they constitute a stronger threat to the BJW. Facilitating self-regulation,
by means of self-affirmation, enables people to cope with BJW threatening information, thereby inhibiting the urge to blame
innocent victims. 相似文献
5.
Using meta-analysis, we report on an investigation of the evaluator's influence in the treatment setting on criminal recidivism
outcomes. Many evaluators and users of evaluation of social interventions worry that mixing of the roles of program developer
and program evaluator may bias results reported in intervention studies in a positive direction. We first review the results
of prior investigations of this issue across 50 prior meta-analyses, finding 12 that tested the impact of investigator influence
in the treatment setting. Eleven of these reported that effect size increased positively, sometimes substantially so, when
evaluators were influential or involved in the treatment setting. We followed this with a meta-analysis of 300 randomized
field trials in individually focused crime reduction, also finding intervention studies in which evaluators who were greatly
influential in the treatment setting report consistently and substantially larger effect sizes than other types of evaluators.
We discuss two major views — the ‘cynical’ and ‘high fidelity’ theories — on why this is consistently the case, and conclude
with a further agenda for research. 相似文献
6.
John Lea 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2010,54(2):141-158
Left Realism, as it emerged in the mid 1980s in the UK was a policy-oriented intervention focusing on the reality of crime
for the working class victim and the need to elaborate a socialist alternative to conservative emphases on ‘law and order’.
It saw the renewal of high crime, deprived communities as involving democratic police accountability to those communities.
During the subsequent period developments have moved very much against the orientations of Left Realism. This paper compares
two different contexts of renewal—the deprived urban community in the UK and the war-torn ‘failed state’ in Bosnia—and identifies
certain common policy orientations which are then criticised from a Left Realist perspective. 相似文献
7.
Sofya Nartova-Bochaver Matthias Donat Nadezhda Astanina Claudia Rüprich 《Social Justice Research》2018,31(1):61-84
In a questionnaire study, Russian versions of the General and Personal belief in a just world (BJW) Scales were validated. Results from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Personal BJW Scale could be empirically differentiated from the General BJW Scale; however, both scales correlated positively. Good internal consistencies of both scales were demonstrated. Age was positively correlated with personal BJW but not with general BJW. Gender differences were found neither in personal nor in general BJW. Personal BJW was found to be stronger than general BJW. Convergent validity was tested by inspecting correlations of BJW scales with the Basic World Assumptions Scale. Divergent validity was examined by inspecting correlations with Markers for the Big Five Factor Structure Scale and Justice Sensitivity Scales. Both personal and general BJW showed positive connections with all subscales of the Basic World Assumptions Scale (self-worth, benevolence of world, justice, luck, and control). We demonstrated divergent validity of personal BJW regarding intellect, agreeableness, conscientiousness, beneficiary and perpetrator sensitivity, and divergent validity of general BJW regarding intellect, beneficiary, perpetrator, and observer sensitivity. Both BJW dimensions were unrelated to beneficiary and perpetrator sensitivity. In addition, general BJW was not related to observer sensitivity. Results give evidence for satisfactory psychometric properties and validation of the Russian versions of BJW scales. 相似文献
8.
In the mid-1990s, the semiconductor industry manufactured devices with critical circuit dimensions of between 0.35 and 0.25 μ,
and it used aluminum or an aluminum copper alloy to interconnect device components. However, the critical dimension needed
to be reduced so that devices could become faster and more efficient. At circuits dimensions of 0.18 μ or less, aluminum no
longer conducts electricity well enough to maintain the circuit’s efficiency; thus, the industry determined that copper—a
superior conducting material—would be needed to help the industry produce smaller and faster semiconductor devices. Still,
technical barriers existed, preventing a seamless transition from aluminum to copper. Thus, in the 1990s, the National Institute
of Standards and Technology (NIST) began focused research on superfilling aimed at assisting the semiconductor industry during
this period. In this paper, we document the net economic benefits (private and social) accruing from NIST’s core research
investments in superfilling during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Using traditional evaluation methodology and metrics, we
calculated economic impact estimates, and the results suggest that NIST’s public resources were, from a social perspective,
used efficiently. 相似文献
9.
Ralph Henham 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2012,57(1):77-98
The paper explores the link between penal ideology and international trial justice from the perspective of sentencing. The
argument is based on the premise that the perceived legitimacy of punishment is directly related to effective governance in
criminal justice. As such, loss of faith, or lack of moral empathy by individuals and communities with the ideologies, processes
and outcomes of punishment compromises the ability of criminal trials to function effectively in maintaining the ‘rule of
law’. The paper argues that more emphasis should be given explaining the moral foundations that underpin perceptions of ‘justice’
in sociological accounts of the ‘reality’ of sentencing, and proposes an analytical framework for conceptualising this. Adopting
this approach, the paper draws on examples from national and international criminal justice to illustrate how the hegemony
of penal ideology and its implementation compromises the ability of sentencing outcomes to resonate with the trial‘s ‘relevant
audience’. The paper then focuses on how penal ideology influences the construction of the factual basis for sentencing in
international criminal trials, and considers the consequences of this for the perceived ‘legitimacy’ of international trial
justice. 相似文献
10.
Emotional qualities of the parent-child relationship are thought to influence the offspring’s risk for perpetrating child
maltreatment in adulthood. The current study examined whether having grown up in an enmeshed or disengaged mother-child relationship,
hence a relationship characterized by extremes on the continuum of emotional distance, increased the offspring’s risk of child
maltreatment perpetration in a sample of 178 undergraduate students attending a large rural public university. A history of
extreme emotional distance experienced with mothers significantly increased the grown offspring’s risk of maltreatment perpetration,
as measured by two risk indicators. Emotional reactivity, but not empathy, mediated this effect for the offspring’s child
abuse potential. Extreme amounts of emotional distance within the mother-child relationship also predicted the offspring’s
child abuse potential over and above maltreatment occurring in that relationship, whereas maltreatment rather than emotional
distance predicted the offspring’s unrealistic expectations of children. Clinical implications are discussed. 相似文献
11.
Arne de Boever 《Law and Critique》2009,20(3):259-270
This essay reconsiders Marx’ prehistory of capital through the lens of the work of Giorgio Agamben, who in the wake of Foucault
has proposed a bio-political theory of sovereignty that breaks down the analytical separation between sovereignty and governmentality
that Foucault in his work tries to maintain. Although Agamben mentions Marx only once in his study of sovereign power, I argue
that his study nevertheless contributes to our understanding of the capitalist relation as not only a governmental but also
a sovereign power relation. In the first part of this essay, I show through a philological commentary on Marx’ use of the
adjective ‘vogelfrei’—translated as free, rightless, without protection, outlawed—to characterise the proletariat, that the Marxian proletariat
is a figure of what Agamben in his study of sovereign power calls bare life. In the second part of the essay, I show that
this sovereign dimension of the capitalist relation is also substantiated by Marx’ analysis of the logic of the capitalist
relation as that of the exception. After Carl Schmitt, who wrote that ‘sovereign is who decides on the state of exception’,
Agamben has argued that the logic of the exception is the logic of sovereign power. Reconsidered through the lens of Agamben’s
argument, Marx’ account of the prehistory of capital reveals that there is a sovereign logic of the exception at work in the
capitalist relation. In the final part of the essay, I start from Agamben’s single reference to Marx in his study of sovereign
power to discuss the importance of my conclusions for Agamben’s political message. 相似文献
12.
13.
NA Elbers KA van Wees AJ Akkermans P Cuijpers DJ Bruinvels 《Psychological injury and law》2012,5(1):89-94
Personal injury victims involved in compensation processes have a worse recovery than those not involved in compensation processes.
One predictor for worse recovery is lawyer engagement. As some people argue that this negative relation between lawyer engagement
and recovery may be explained by lawyers’ attitude and communications to clients, it seems important to investigate lawyer–client
interaction. Although procedural justice and therapeutic jurisprudence had previously discussed aspects relevant for lawyer–client
interaction, the client’s perspective has been rather ignored and only few empirical studies have been conducted. In this
qualitative study, 21 traffic accident victims were interviewed about their experiences with their lawyer. Five desirable
characteristics for lawyers were identified: communication, empathy, decisiveness, independence, and expertise. Communication
and empathy corresponded with aspects already discussed in literature, whereas decisiveness, independence and expertise had
been addressed only marginally. Further qualitative and quantitative research is necessary to establish preferable lawyer
characteristics and to investigate what would improve the well-being of personal injury victims during the claims settlement
process. 相似文献
14.
Christine Black 《International Journal for the Semiotics of Law》2009,22(2):197-208
This article is an innovative piece and at the same time—a timely piece, in a world of global warming. A time in which fierce
scientific debates are being fought over anthropogenic impact. Yet the general public would appear to ‘feel’ the change, without
any need for measurement and contesting of findings. This ‘feeling’ is manifest in the Earth Hour. It is this collective act
which I would argue is borne out of feelings for the earth. Feelings which tell people instinctively a change in behaviour
is needed. This article therefore examines the semiotics of a jurisprudence which is premised on feelings. Feelings towards
the Djang—a primordial force expounded by the Australian Aboriginal Senior Law Man Bill Neidjie of the world heritage listed—Kakadu
National Park, Australia. He foresaw the climatic shifts and wanted to assist European Australians—Balanda to help avert the possible consequence. 相似文献
15.
Andreja Zevnik 《Law and Critique》2011,22(2):155-169
The Guantanamo detention facility, from its early days an emblem for human rights abuses, is a space where legal subjectivity
of detainees is contested or even permanently suspended. This essay argues that we should look for the underlying rationale
for this treatment not in the politicians who pursue intelligence, security, and strategic interest, or indeed even revenge
for 9/11, but rather in the logic—or the ontology—that drives the present political and legal system. This is not to say,
of course, that politicians play no role, or that they are mere ‘victims’ of social and political power relations—far from
it; yet, it has to be acknowledged that the foundational assumptions on which the existing system operates create conditions
of possibility for such degrading actions and exclusionary politics. This paper will first explore these philosophical foundations
that enable such an understanding of exclusionary legal subjectivity as we see practiced in Guantanamo, amongst other places;
secondly, it will search for an alternative logic of legal subjectivity as a ‘foundation’ for rights. Gilles Deleuze’s notion
of ‘becoming’ as a potentially facilitative practice for an ‘open’ notion of legal subjectivity, as well as Alain Badiou’s
account of ethics and evil, which points to a more ‘inclusive’ yet ‘situational’ understanding of human rights, will prove
particularly useful here. 相似文献
16.
In the United States, infamous crimes against innocent victims—especially children—have repeatedly been regarded as justice
system “failures” and resulted in reactionary legislation enacted without regard to prospective negative consequences. This
pattern in part results when ‘memorial crime control’ advocates implicitly but inappropriately apply the tenets of routine
activities theory, wherein crime prevention is presumed to be achievable by hardening likely targets, increasing the costs
associated with crime commission, and removing criminal opportunity. In response, the authors argue that academic and public
policy discourse will benefit from the inclusion of a new criminological perspective called random activities theory, in which tragic crimes are framed as rare but statistically inevitable ‘Black Swans’ instead of justice system failures.
Potential objections and implications for public policy are discussed at length. 相似文献
17.
In this essay, we take the publication of the seventh edition of the casebook Social Science in Law (2010) as an opportunity to reflect on continuities and changes that have occurred in the application of social science research
to American law over the past quarter-century. We structure these reflections by comparing and contrasting the original edition
of the book with the current one. When the first edition appeared, courts’ reliance on social science was often confused and
always contested. Now, courts’ reliance on social science is so common as to be unremarkable. What has changed—sometimes radically—are
the substantive legal questions on which social science has been brought to bear. 相似文献
18.
19.
This study sought to examine the effects of husband’s control and frequency of spousal discussion on domestic violence against
Cambodian married women, using the 2005 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey data. The sample included 1,707 married women,
aged 16–49 (M = 35.14). Structural Equation Modeling showed that husband’s control positively predicted both emotional and physical violence.
Frequency of spousal discussion positively predicted emotional violence, an association consistent with the idea that a husband
holding patriarchal beliefs would interpret women’s more frequent discussion as a violation of Cambodian norms for quiet,
submissive wives. Frequency of spousal discussion and husband’s control were positively correlated. The role of gender issues
in husband’s control and frequency of spousal discussion are discussed with respect to violence in the lives of Cambodian
women. 相似文献
20.
Shelly A. McGrath Catherine D. Marcum Heith Copes 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2012,37(1):60-75
The bulk of research on general strain theory has focused on determining the effect of experienced strain on the illegal or
delinquent behaviors of juveniles or young adults. While much has been gained by this research, it is important to understand
the role of experiencing and witnessing strain on adult, high risk populations (e.g., adult inmates). The current study examines
the effect of experienced, vicarious, and anticipated victimization on inappropriate coping mechanisms of inmates. Specifically,
it examines the effect of experiencing or witnessing physical victimization on inmates’ use of violence and drug/alcohol.
Survey data from 208 adult parolees show that, at least in controlled environments like prisons, witnessing violence increases
the likelihood of engaging in violence and that experiencing and witnessing violence significantly increases the likelihood
that inmates will use drugs or alcohol. 相似文献