冷战时期西欧共产党的兴衰及启示

冷战时期,西欧各国的共产党经历了一个由兴到衰的发展过程.这一方面是由于它不适应当代资本主义的新发展,另一方面是它自身在理论建设方面存在严重不足.另外,同一时期社会民主党力量的不断发展壮大也是一个重要因素.     

A Cold War Creature which Sat out the War

A substantial body of literature argues that government funding motivated by the Cold War shaped (or distorted) the content of the American academic disciplines. This article tests the impact of such funding on the academic study of the Soviet economy, a small field created to help fight the Cold War. It documents the amount of attention given by researchers to the military sector of the Soviet economy, the topic of central importance for the Cold War, and finds that their publications largely ignored it. Considerations other than the interests of the sponsors determined the choice of topics in the discipline.     

Science and technology in the transition: A review article

David A. Dyker (ed.), The Technology of Transition: Science and Technology Policies for Transition Countries. Budapest: Central European University Press, 1997, ix + 292 pp., £37.50.

Mark Steven Frankel & Jane Cave (eds), Evaluating Science and Scientists: An East‐West Dialogue on Research Evaluation in Post‐Communist Europe. Budapest: Central European University Press, 1997, x + 226 pp., £37.50 h/b, £15.99 p/b.

Paul J. J. Welfens & George Yarrow (eds), Telecommunications and Energy in Systemic Transformation: International Dynamics, Deregulation and Adjustment in Network Industries. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer‐Verlag, 1997, xi + 501 pp., DM178.00.     

Economics of transition: A review article

Milford Bateman et al., Business Cultures in Central & Eastern Europe. Oxford: Butterworth‐Heinemann, 1997, xxii + 238 pp., £18.99.

John L. Campbell & Ove K. Pedersen (eds), Legacies of Change, Transformations of Postcommunist European Economies. Berlin: Aldine De Gruyter, 1996, xii + 258 pp., DM48.00.

Mark Knell (ed.), Economics of Transition, Structural Adjustments and Growth Prospects in Eastern Europe. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1996, xii + 246 pp., £45.00.

Martin Myant et al., Successful Transformations? The Creation of Market Economies in Eastern Germany and the Czech Republic. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1996 xiii + 267 pp., £49.95.     

Stalin and the cold war: A review article

Caroline Kennedy‐Pipe, Stalin's Cold War: Soviet Strategies in Europe, 1943 to 1956. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995, 218 pp., £40.00 h/b, £14.99 p/b.

R. C. Raack, Stalin's Drive to the West, 1938–1945: The Origins of the Cold War. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995, 265 pp., £35.00 h/b.     

From Marxism to communism: A review article

James D. White, Karl Marx and the Intellectual Origins of Dialectical Materialism. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996, xii + 416 pp., £40.00 h/b, £14.99 p/b.     

Jobs and local action: A review article

A Working Community: A Report on the Role of a Local Authority in Creating Jobs, and the Problems of Reducing Unemployment, Southwark Borough Council, 1987, £2.50.

Manchester Employment Plan, City Council Economic Development Department, with Services to Community Action and Tenants, and the Manchester Employment Research Group Ltd, 1987, free.

Sheffield: Working it Out, An Outline Employment Plan for Sheffield, Sheffield City Council, 1987, free.

Real Needs ‐ Local Jobs, Parliamentary Spokesperson's Working Group (available from John Prescott MP, House of Common, London SW1A 0AA), 1987, £2.00.     

Beyond the War on Terror: Into the Fifth Generation of War and Conflict

Fifth generation warfare has arrived and is irreversibly changing the character and nature of human conflict. It confronts the United States with the evolving strategic dilemma of not only dealing with the War on Terror, but of simultaneously crafting strategies that look beyond military preparedness for past wars and embrace the perspective of national preparedness for the spectrum of future conflicts. This article uses four essential elements of war—the new domains of conflict, the changing nature of adversaries, the changing nature of objectives, and the changing nature of force—to build a generational typology of war and conflict that informs the characteristics of fifth generation warfare. The resultant model produces two outcomes: First, it demonstrates how recent events such as the rise of computer hackers, the 2001 anthrax and the 2003–2004 ricin attacks, the 2004 Madrid bombings, and the emergence of Al Qaeda demonstrate characteristics of fifth generation warfare. Second, it illustrates the way in which these events are unique indicators of a future in which non-state entities are increasingly able to wage war on equal footing with nation-states. The article concludes that the United States must embrace fifth generation warfare if it is to successfully confront these threats that have taken on new and heretofore unimagined forms in the postmodern era of war.     

The Piper Played to Us All: Orchestrating the Cultural Cold War in the USA, Europe, and Latin America

Review of a recent book on the Congress for Cultural Freedom by British author and documentary filmmaker Frances Stono Saunders, Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War (London: Granta, 1999), leads into an examination of the cold war ideological contest in the United States, Europe, and Latin America. Particular attention is given to the Americas and U.S. efforts to manipulate the social sciences as instruments of hemispheric control. Saunder's book is compared and contrasted to other works on the cultural cold war, while extensive references are provided for further reading and research.     

The Soviet ideology of industrialization : A review article

This paper studies reproductive behaviour (ideal family size, completed family size and family planning acceptance) in a rural Indian area which was rapidly industrialising. Two castes and eleven villages were sampled. It was found that family planning was quite common and that fertility differentials among couples were related to the couples’ unique socioeconomic characteristics as well as to two group level variables (caste and village). The latter result was shown to be statistically significant, for all three measures of reproductive behaviour, even after many unique socioeconomic characteristics and attitudes of each couple were accounted for statistically.     

First Russian biographies of Trotsky: A review article

N. A. Vasetsky, Trotskii. Opyt politicheskoi biografii. Moscow: Respublika, 1992, 351 pp. D. Volkogonov, Trotskii. Politicheskii portret. II Vols. Moscow: Novosti, 1992, 412 & 412 pp.     

冷战后的外交新现象

冷战后,国际格局由两极向多极演变,全球化、信息化进程加快,促使国际关系深刻调整,外交出现诸多新现象.