政策网络的两种分析途径及其影响

政策网络是运用网络主义来分析政策过程的一种理论框架。不同的学派对它有不一样的理解。在学术界都承认政策网络是一种在分析政策过程中利益集团与政府关系的方法基础上,分别从利益中介和治理两个不同的分析途径对政策网络进行研究。不同的分析途径导致了不同的研究方向,但是以上的分歧深化了对政策网络本身的深刻理解。     

政策网络：概念、类型及发展前景

随着传统政府治理模式的衰微,20世纪70年代末以来政策网络逐渐成为政策分析领域的主流话语和研究途径.政策网络是一群互赖行动者之间建立某种稳定程度的社会关系形态,以促成政策方案的形成或发展.学术界普遍认为可以将政策网络划分为作为分析工具的利益协调模式和作为实践创新的治理模式两种典范.尽管作为政策网络理论仍存在种种缺陷,但是它已经展现出巨大的生命力,对于理解公共政策以及国家与社会关系具有重要的意义.     

性别失衡议题中的多元利益格局与政策博弈——对中国性别失衡政策议题网络的实证分析

性别失衡是中国社会的核心议题,议题活动反映了不同利益集团政策博弈的过程.为揭示性别失衡背景下我国社会的利益格局,本文依托Intemet和中国期刊网数据,分析了性别失衡政策议题网络中不同政策社群的利益博弈行为.结果表明:Heclo(1978)和McFarland(1987)关于政策议题网络的概念模型,不完全适用于中国性别失衡政策议题网络,后者参与社群性质异化、边界模糊,具有更为复杂的现代政策多元主义特征.在议题网络中,各政策社群代表不同利益集团采取发言、劝告、旁听、争论等形式参与政策博弈,表现出两类博弈形态:一是议题交流型,就性别失衡的态势、原因、后果和治理等提交观点、表达利益,意在将本集团的议题态度融入公共政策进程;二是议题交锋型,围绕出生性别比异常的真实性、计划生育政策的合理性、光棍挑起战争的可能性,以及施行治理的必要性等,暴发激烈的议题观点时抗,意在就关键政策环节主导政策舆论环境.这两类利益博弈在性别失衡议题发展中具有近似量质互变的哲学辩证关系.     

公共政策的公正性:重大节假日高速公路免费政策的价值分析

公共政策回归公正性本质有着深刻的意义。从公共利益出发,保证程序公正,满足利益的多元化、平等化和弱势群体利益最大化是公共政策具备公正性的应有之义。重大节假日高速公路免费政策的出发点在于满足公共利益,但存在着受益不均的缺陷,它使得有车一族受益,但同时让高速客运、货物运输等缴费通行车的权利受损。因此,要从加快推进立法、拓宽免费政策受益面、做好免费政策的评估和善后工作等方面完善免费政策,同时完善公共政策决策公正过程,使公共政策过程符合公正的原则。     

政策网络中的政府治理

政策网络是20世纪70年代末以来西方公共政策领域研究中的重要课题。从发展路径上看,它可以划分为作为分析工具的利益协调模式和作为实践创新的治理模式两种类型。作为新治理模式的政策网络与现代社会的分化和交互结构是相互契合的,它为政府结构从科层治理向网络治理形式发展提供了理论框架;为政府选择、组合和优化适当政策工具提供了现实平台;为政府通过"政策学习"提高治理能力提供了价值支持。尽管作为治理工具的政策网络仍存在种种缺陷,但是作为一种新成长的治理框架,它已经展现出巨大的生命力,为政府处理公共事务提供了新的思想资源。     

论网络舆论与政策议程的构建

随着网络的普及与应用,公民通过网络参与政治的热情提高,网络舆论兴起并成为公民参与中一股不可忽视的力量。研究网络舆论对政策议程的作用对于解析当前网络舆论对公共政策的影响具有重要意义。网络具有普及性、即时性等特点,成为了一种新兴的政策议程的途径,对于提高公民政治参与的热情与公共政策的科学化具有重要意义。     

生育支持政策体系构建：内涵、价值与路径

基于国内外文献和政策实践的梳理,讨论生育支持的概念内涵、行动主体、政策内容和逻辑框架,分析生育支持政策的多元价值和困难挑战,测算建立生育支持基本制度的政策成本,并提出构建生育支持政策体系的思考与建议。研究发现,我国生育支持政策仍处于早期发展阶段,存在覆盖对象较单一、责任主体不明确、目标效果不清晰、支持内容不完善、政策协调不顺畅等问题。建议优先解决主要矛盾,建立以生育保险、普惠托育和生殖健康为核心的基本制度,保障政策投入和实施的稳定性与持续性,强化部门协同,提升政策公平性和包容性,处理好成本与效益、目标与对象、公平与效率、核心与配套、内部性与外部性的关系,最终形成覆盖面广、形式丰富、针对性强、稳定持续的生育支持政策体系。     

协商民主与政策执行网络

20世纪后期,西方政治理论的重要发展就是协商民主理论的兴起。协商民主是公共协商过程中自由、平等的公民通过对话、讨论、审视各种相关理由而赋予立法和决策合法性的一种治理形式。协商民主与政策执行网络之间存在着一定的内在关联。从协商民主的研究视角,我们可以看到公民社会的思想意识、精神状态以及公共利益、美德等价值观对于政策执行网络的重大意义。引入协商民主理论,倡导政策执行中的对话与协商、公民参与意识以及积极的公共精神,可以促进政府与公民、政治国家与公民社会在政策执行中的良性互动,由此也将促成政策执行网络的现实运行。     

政策分析与政策分析人员

政策分析与政策分析人员是政策分析领域两个最为重要的概念。本围绕这两个概念，解释了政策分析的概念起源、学科特征、基本类型和研究途径，并阐述了政策分析人员的工作性质、机构背景、关注焦点和分析方法。     

从政策网络到网络化治理:一组概念辨析

社会科学领域与网络有关的概念有多个,极易引起混淆.国外的研究主要沿着两条相对独立的路径演进,分别是政策网络和网络化治理.前者起源于美国发展于欧洲,后分化为利益调和和治理两大学派;后者则以美国的研究为主,在工商管理和公共管理领域都有所发展.国内与网络有关的概念使用频率较高的有社会网络、政策网络、政策网络治理、网络治理和网络化治理等.其中社会网络引入最早,主要被社会学领域的学者所关注;政策网络和政策网络治理与西方政策网络研究的两大学派相对应;网络治理与网络化治理的使用主要与翻译、学术传承以及使用习惯有关,但每个概念皆有三重来源.西方两条研究路径都涉及治理,而两种治理的内涵有明显区别,主要体现在运行机理、价值标准、主要问题以及政府的角色定位四个方面.     

Policy Networks, Policy Communities and the Problems of Governance

This article reviews and evaluates the literature on policy networks and policy communities that has emerged in the comparative public policy field. It argues that these concepts are important innovations because they suggest a renewed attempt to be both encompassing and discriminating in describing the policy process: encompassing because they refer to actors and relationships in the policy process that take us beyond political-bureaucratic relationships; discriminating because they suggest the presence of many communities and different types of networks. Yet if the concepts are going to continue to make a contribution, some problems must be resolved. The article suggests three that are particularly important: network and community concepts encounter obstacles in incorporating the influence of ma-cropolitical institutions and the power of political discourse; they have some difficulty in accommodating the internationalization of many policy domains; they have not addressed well the issues of policy innovation and policy change.     

公共政策网络管理：机制、模式与绩效测度

政策网络管理应重点研究七个基本问题和应注意十个重大问题,政策网络管理存在工具、互动和制度三种观点和个人权威控制、专制控制、结果控制、文化或集团控制、声誉控制五种控制机制,具体管理模式可以从行动者、认知和制度三个维度和政策管理、过程管理和网络宪政三个层面进行架构,并可根据不同的网络环境选择不同的网络管理行为.网络行动者的数量、管理能力与技巧、网络的开放性、利益冲突、网络管理成本是影响政策网络管理有效性的重要因素,网络管理的绩效也可根据不同的网络结构选择不同的评价指标进行定量到定性的评价.     

Policy Networks,Elections, and State Subsidies1

What are the effects of electoral competition on the disbursement of state subsidies in industrialized democracies? I argue that the scope of subsidies, which ranges from economy‐wide to regional and industry‐specific subsidies, is determined by the extent of political (electoral) monopoly conditioned by economic threats from foreign competition. The mechanism through which electoral competition is linked to subsidies is the policy network. I assess this argument by examining thirteen Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries in the period 1990–1993. The findings offer amendments to models of policy networks and speak to the importance of domestic institutions on factor mobility and trade policy.     

The Catholic Lobby: Structures,Policy Styles and Religious Networks

This article is about the place of lobbying by the Catholic Church in contemporary Australian federal politics. It builds on some previous attention by political scientists to Catholic political campaigning (eg, Hogan 1978, 1993 ; see also Byrnes 1993 ), but it is more comprehensive. Discussion of such lobbying uses various terminology and, like much lobbying, it can be viewed in a normative sense either favourably or unfavourably, as democratic or undemocratic. During the parliamentary debate in December 1996 on the anti‐euthanasia private members bill introduced by Kevin Andrews, for instance, Nick Dondas (Country Liberal, Northern Territory) alleged that ‘the debate has been driven by the Catholic community of this country’. To which his Catholic colleague Tony Abbott (Liberal, New South Wales), alleging that Dondas had blamed the bill on the ‘Catholic lobby’, responded that ‘those comments were beneath him’. ¹     

Civic Networks, Legitimacy and the Policy Process

In ethnically divided developing countries, avenues permitting popular participation in the policy process seem essential if the state is to be viewed as legitimate. Frequently, however, mechanisms intended to build legitimacy by providing for popular participation fail to achieve this target. This article analyzes the policy process in Mauritius, and argues that it combines characteristics of both policy networks and civil society. We term this form of popular consultation on policy a "civic network," and we present research which suggests that it has been successful in building legitimacy. By comparing this civic network with other forms of popular participation, we are able to identify the characteristics which seem to make it more effective. The effects of popular participation on the policy capacity of a state are more mixed, but in the case of Mauritius, we conclude that by increasing legitimacy, the civic network also increased state policy capacity.     

The Values Shaping Australian Asylum Policy: The Views of Policy Insiders

Drawing on interviews with former political leaders and senior public servants, this article maps the values that have guided asylum policy decisions over the past three decades. The findings support the view that a culture of control permeates policy decisions, but pushing deeper, that policy‐maker perceptions of asylum issues are shaped by two primary values: nation building and good governance. Values that tend to preoccupy policy critics, for example human rights, compassion, international legal obligations and national character, are by no means absent, but are subsumed within and harnessed to the desire to be a good engineer and responsible governor. The study adds to the insights required for constructive dialogue between governments and refugee advocates, and affords a comprehensive framework within which asylum policy can be understood and analysed.     

A Cognitive Perspective on Policy Implementation: Reform Beliefs,Sensemaking, and Social Networks

Utilizing a cognitive perspective, this article examines the social processes through which teachers come to understand the Common Core State Standards. The authors begin by identifying three beliefs that have important implications for policy implementation: self‐efficacy, resource adequacy, and value for clients. They measure those beliefs and the Common Core discussion networks that emerge among teachers at three points in time. Through the use of SIENA models, the authors explore how networks and beliefs coevolve within schools. Unlike prior research on social networks, which consistently finds strong homophilous tendencies, this research finds no evidence that teachers seek out coworkers who hold similar beliefs. Rather, teachers relied on preexisting formal and informal relationships to guide interactions. Those interactions were characterized by social influence, whereby a teacher's own beliefs adapted toward the beliefs held by the members of their social network. The findings offer a novel perspective on the complex dynamic that occurs within organizations as new policies are unveiled and employees interact with one another to understand the changes those policies entail.