Strict Liability and the Paradoxes of Proportionality

This essay explores the case against strict liability offenses as part of the more general debate about proportional punishment. This debate takes on a very different look in light of a formal result derived by the authors elsewhere, that is briefly summarized and whose implications are pursued here. Traditional objections that consequentialists have mounted against the deontologists’/retributivists’ defense of proportionality fall by the wayside, but a new threat to the proportionality requirement replaces it: the ease with which any such requirement can be circumvented.     

我国缔约过失责任制度赔偿范围的法理思考

本文详细阐述了缔约过失责任的法律特征与法律内涵 ,通过对这些具体内容的分析与归纳最终确立了缔约过失责任的赔偿范围不仅包括信赖利益的损失而且包括了固有利益的损失 ,并分析了信赖利益与固有利益的具体损害赔偿范围。     

量刑比例初探——以江苏省姜堰市人民法院《规范量刑指导意见》为视角

引入量刑比例原则是尝试用数学的方法解决刑罚裁量的难题,探求刑事司法的正义,还给多数人公平。司法实践中,因为量刑幅度的存在,加之法官个体素质的差异,致使同罪异罚、量刑不当的现象大量存在。因此,制定一个统一的量刑规范,特别是设定具体的量刑基准和确立针对不同的量刑因素出现时如何换算的量刑比例就成为司法实践中的当务之急。     

Proportionality and Self-Defense

Proportionality is widely accepted as a necessary condition of justified self-defense. What gives rise to this particular condition and what role it plays in the justification of self-defense seldom receive focused critical attention. In this paper I address the standard of proportionality applicable to personal self-defense and the role that proportionality plays in justifying the use of harmful force in self-defense. I argue against an equivalent harm view of proportionality in self-defense, and in favor of a standard of proportionality in self-defense that requires comparable seriousness and takes into account the wrong, as opposed simply to the harm that the victim is fending off. I distinguish the standard of proportionality in self-defense from proportionality in circumstances of necessity, and I discuss whether proportionality is an internal or an external constraint on the right of self-defense.     

Proportionality and Its Discontents

Law and Philosophy - In this paper, I defend a deflationary account of proportionality, which suggests that proportionality does not explain anything valuable about a system of punishment....     

保证责任不属于民事责任

保证责任的性质在我国《担保法》中没有述及,很多人将保证责任理解为一种民事责任,这从起始便把保证人放于不平衡的位置,有损害保证人权益之虞。从民事责任、义务的关系以及保证责任的自身特征角度来思考,普通意义上所说的保证责任只能是一种特殊的“一般债务”。     

寻找WTO法中的比例原则

虽然国内外学者公认非歧视、透明度及自由化原则是WTO法的基本原则,但对WTO法基本原则的范围及其适用并没有达成一致,而这其中一个最大的争议就是欧洲大陆学者所主张的比例原则是否是WTO法的原则。美国政府及学者对此一般都持反对态度。中国学者研究这一涉及国际法基本理论问题的人还比较少,通过寻找WTO法律文本中体现比例原则的规定和WTO争端解决机构裁决中对这些规定的应用和分析,证明比例原则在WTO法中确实存在,它不但可以在平衡不同的政策目标,削减贸易壁垒及限制贸易报复水平方面起重要作用,而且作为一个工具性原则能起到其它原则起不到的作用。比例原则应该成为约束成员方政府行为及指导WTO法发展的基本原则。     

The Presumption of Proportionality

This article challenges the assumption that the burden of demonstrating that a limitation of a fundamental right is proportionate rests on the public authority seeking to justify the limitation. After considering the operation of burdens and presumptions in European human rights case‐law it notes the difficulties British domestic courts have had in rigorously applying proportionality tests. It suggests that the concerns which lead judges to weaken the requirement of proportionality would be better met by recognising that certain circumstances give rise to a presumption of proportionality, where the burden of demonstrating disproportionality rests on the right‐holder. Five categories of case in which this applies are proposed, and one which has recently been judicially accepted is rejected. Clarifying the types of case in which a presumption of proportionality applies is a preferable strategy to blurring the standards of justification to be met by those seeking to limit the enjoyment of rights.¹     

行政判决中比例原则的适用

通过分析比例原则适用第一案后20年间的典型案例可以发现,比例原则在我国的适用已从行政处罚扩张到多种行政行为领域。比例原则已成为法院评判行政行为实质合法性的重要准则。法院可以根据滥用职权和明显不当标准,对行政行为进行合比例性审查。对于目的正当性和手段的适当性、必要性、均衡性的规范认识还存在一定的分歧,审查标准并不统一。在合比例性举证责任上,一些案件并没有完全遵循行政诉讼举证责任倒置规则。在合比例性审查强度上,似乎大多是宽松审查或低密度审查。对于行政行为是否符合比例原则,法官在个案中有着巨大的裁量空间,但大多数判决论证说理还较为简单。作为人权保障利剑的比例原则,势必在我国得到更加广泛地适用,合比例性分析方法与技术有待进一步提高,其未来适用应注意确定性与灵活性的平衡。     

The Function of the Proportionality Principle in EU Law

In this article the author assesses the proportionality principle in EU law from a legal theoretical and constitutional perspective with the aim of discovering the function of the principle. Having first discussed the implications of the proportionality principle being a general principle of law, and what function it has—namely to secure legitimacy for judicial decisions—the author suggests that there are several ways in which the principle can be interpreted. There is, nevertheless, a limit to this interpretation determined by the proposed function of the principle. In the third part of the article, the European Court of Justice's (ECJ's) interpretation of the principle is assessed. The assessment clearly shows that the ECJ is interpreting the principle in different distinguishable ways. The question could, however, be raised as to whether the ECJ in some areas is interpreting the principle in a way that undermines the very function of it.     

论我国遗传资源区域性补偿法律制度的构建

随着生物技术的迅猛发展,遗传资源的价值越来越突显出来。我国是世界上遗传资源最为丰富的国家之一,辽阔的地域、复杂的自然环境造就了极为丰富的动植物和微生物物种。目前我国的立法和国际公约、条约都未就遗传资源的具体保护模式作出明确的规定。根据遗传资源公共性、区域性的特点,我国应该建立一套以国家享有遗传资源经济主权为基础的区域性补偿与惠益分享制度,这样有利于鼓励遗传资源所在地区群众对遗传资源保护的积极性,有利于遗传资源的国际保护,也有利于西部等落后地区经济、社会的发展。     

论比例原则在经济法中的适用

被誉为“公法皇冠”的比例原则在经济法中的适用具有可行性和必要性。比例原则的“相对普适性”为其在经济法中的适用提供了法理基础,引入比例原则不仅可以回应经济法现代性的内在诉求,还是贯彻经济法理念和基本原则的必然要求。比例原则在经济法中的适用范围涵盖“权力—权利”和“权利—权利”二元法律关系结构,但是,特殊紧急状态和合意行为应排除比例原则的适用。囿于比例原则的抽象性,有必要构建其在经济法中的类型化适用路径:以法律关系结构为划分依据,通过“目的正当性—适当性—必要性—均衡性”的差异化认定标准,塑造“宽松”和“相对严格”的审查基准模型。     

比例原则在民法上的适用及展开

比例原则包含适当性、必要性和均衡性三个子原则,其通过对手段和目的之关联性的考察,以确认国家权力对公民基本权利的干预有无逾越必要的限度。比例原则的精髓在于禁止过度,对包括民法在内的整个法律秩序发生作用。比例原则适用于民法不仅具有可行性,而且具有重大的理论意义和实践价值。比例原则可广泛地作用于民事立法、民事司法和民事行为等领域,对这些领域是否存在禁止过度的情况进行分析和诊断,以确保相关主体的权利和自由不被过度干预,从而能够捍卫私法自治的价值,也有助于推动民法在理念和制度层面的更新。因此,比例原则具备担纲一项民法基本原则的地位和资格。     

建构中国的警察比例原则

作为国家权力之重要组成部分,警察权的法治化运作乃公民基本权利之最有力保障,然而公民基本权利也面临来自警察权滥用的威胁。被誉为西方国家公法领域之“帝王条款”的比例原则起源于德国警察法,蕴涵着丰富的控权思想,对警察权的运作具有极强的监督与控制功能,并为实现行政目的与保障人权之间的平衡和防止警察自由裁量权的滥用提供了可操作的标准。因此,为保障人权,弘扬法治,应尽快确立我国的警察比例原则,从而实现对警察权的有效规制。     

基、序、等──刑罚的相应性的蕴涵

本文对刑罚的相应性原则的蕴涵作了系统的探讨。作者认为,基的相应、序的相应与平等性是相应性的不可或缺的三项基本要求,基的相应性是刑量与罪量在绝对意义上的相应．序的相应是罪量与刑量在相对意义上的相应,平等性是相同的罪量应受的刑量应该一致,三者共同制约着立法上法定刑的确定与司法上判定刑的裁定。     

北京市高级人民法院关于著作权侵权损害赔偿问题的调查报告（上）

在北京市各级人民法院审理的著作权纠纷案件中,侵权纠纷占绝大多数,而其中被人民法院认定侵权成立并判令被告承担赔偿损失民事责任的案件又占相当比例。正确认定损害赔偿责任以及确定赔偿数额对保护知识产权人的合法权益、制裁侵权行为具有十分重要的意义。多年来,北京市各级人民法院在认