Out of the ashes of eugenics: diagnostic regimes in the United States and the making of a disability minority

Both early twentieth-century eugenics and late-century genetics authorize,anchor and certify diagnostic regimes Each discourse is positioned around a historical trajectory that moves from a 'curative ' promise of rehabilitation to an increasingly 'custodial ' proposition involving the pathologization and oversight of groups viewed as non-normative.Snyder and Mitchell interpret eugenics in the United States as an expansive testing regime that produced disabled people as a species of defective intelligence and aberrant physiology.What resulted was a frenzy of medical assessment that produced - for a time - a 'subnormal ' nation out of the classification of 'defective ' biologies..The newly professional scientific disciplines flocked to participate in the identification,care and training of those labelled 'feeble-minded '.Proliferating scientific representations of those deemed to inhabit 'subnormal ' bodies ultimately provided the justification for institutionalizing,sterilizing and destroying the liberty of those classified as inferior.The authors understand the repercussions of this methodology not as 'flawed ' science,,but as the basis for contemporary definitions of disability as degrees of deviation from profoundly subjective aesthetic and functional criteria.A study of the eugenics movement in the United States demonstrates that what we refer to today as physical and cognitive disability provides two paradoxical outcomes:first,those labelled as recipients of curative interventions tend to suffer the residual taint of their pathological identifications,while failing to benefit from the initial promises of 'cure ' so zealously espoused by diagnostic regimes; second, those who occupy medically based classifications of deviance serve as models for a more general comprehension of human biology even as the research subjects themselves are marginalized from social participation.     

China in the era of globalization: the emergence of the discourse on economic security

Abstract

This article looks at the Chinese debate on economic security during the period between 1997 and 2004. The contemporary concept of economic security (jingji anquan, 经济安全) was first raised in the Chinese academic literature in 1997, partly as a reaction to the Asian financial crisis and partly due to the increasing role China began to play in globalization, the effects of which it increasingly felt as its economy became more integrated with that of the world. This article examines the emergence of the discourse on economic security within Chinese academic circles, and identifies the development of this concept in China between 1997 and 2004 prior to the ascendancy of the ‘fourth-generation’ leadership.     

我国近代电化教育有关书刊述评

从20世纪20年代我国电化教育开始兴起,有关电化教育的实践活动在社会各界轰轰烈烈地开展,随之相伴的有关电化教育的理论探讨也在不断地前进完善。文章对近代我国电化教育有关书刊进行评述,希望从另一个视角研究近代我国电化教育发展状况。     

近代中国国家观念的形成与变化

传统中国并没有真正意义上的"国家"观念,占据主流意识的一直是君主专制制度下的"天下观"。正如李鸿章所说的"三千年未有之大变局",近代中国的发展是天朝上国旧梦破碎、国家被迫走上近代的过程。近代中国的国家观是形成于民族危机迫在眉睫的时刻,是近代先进的中国人在面对亡国灭种的危机时所形成的。辛亥革命成功推翻清王朝,使得孙中山的国家观脱颖而出,力压其他变革思潮,取代了传统的国家观。但是在经历袁世凯复辟后,共和走向灭亡。先进的中国人又开始求索新的国家观念与国家体制,在经历思想启蒙之后,中国开始用马克思主义理论指导革命,并且最终取得革命的胜利,选择了马克思主义国家观。     

广西边疆圩市流通现代发展研究

边贸是一个国家对外贸易的重要内容,广西有“祖国南大门”之称,是中国与东盟陆上最便捷的通道．圩市是农村商品流通的载体,边疆圩市是促进毗邻国家边贸的重要平台。发展边疆圩市有利于边民之间的交流与合作、友谊与团结,有利于边疆地区民族团结与稳定。流通现代化是促进圩市发展、边贸市场升级和转型以及解决边疆“三农”问题的有效途径。     

传统政治合法性意识的近代转型及其影响

近代中国政治意识中的合法性理念是近代中国内忧外患形势下的产物。它的产生,极大地影响了近代中国的政治格局与社会发展,从而加速了中国现代化的进程。但由于传统社会的浸淫,近代中国政治意识合法性理念仍不可避免地夹杂着传统的烙印,这又在一定程度上延缓了中国现代化的进程。     

WTO与当代中国区域行政构设

当前我国区域经济正面临着无序竞争、产业同构、重复投资等一系列问题 ,在WTO的背景下 ,这些问题显得尤为迫切。经验表明 ,单纯的市场机制已经不能妥善地解决这些问题 ,因此需要借助政府的力量来进行区域间的协调。为此 ,本文引入了区域行政的概念 ,并通过建立区域发展委员会的设想 ,对我国区域行政构设提出了可供选择的政策建议。     

The Politics of Poverty Mis-targeting in China

Based upon a county level analysis, this article explores the complex processes of poverty mis-targeting in China and supplements the pre-existing literature with a bottom-up analysis. It argues that the rational calculations of key county leaders, shaped by a combination of formal and informal institutions, determine whether a county, irrespective of poverty level, competes for the title of “state-designated poorest county (SDPC).” This article also demonstrates that the interaction between formal and informal institutions is dynamic and subject to change. For future relevant research, this article suggests to analyze the practice of poverty reduction in a disaggregated manner by examining the interplay within and among different levels of government. Juan Wang, a Ph.D candidate in political science at Johns Hopkins University, is the author of “Going beyond Township and Village Enterprises,” Journal of Contemporary China, Issue 14, Volume 42, (February 2005), pp.171–181. The author is particularly grateful to Kellee Tsai for her valuable suggestions and support throughout this project. I am indebted to William Rowe, Mark Blyth, Wang Sangui and anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments. The Institute of Global Studies (IGS) of Johns Hopkins University receives my gratitude for its financial support of this project.     

In Search of Public Accountability: The 'Wenling Model' in China

This article specifically attempts to answer two interrelated research questions: firstly, how do democratic consultation assemblies (DCAs) heighten public accountability in the current institutional setting of China's sub-provincial localities?; and secondly, what can be learned, from the Chinese case, in relation to achieving public accountability elsewhere? To address the first question, this article will explore two particular variations of the DCAs, and will focus on the interplay between the managerial and democratic accountability orientations to address the second question.     

传统中国社会变迁的结构性障碍

传统中国社会呈一种皇帝、国戚、勋贵居于上、农工商及贱民等级处于下,士人阶层联结其间的“工”字型的社会结构。政治权力支配社会、 宗法伦理维系社会及高度的社会流动性是这一社会结构的主要特征。由于皇权专制和宗法伦理统治社会,高度的社会流动性所带来的传统中国社会的生机与活力必然被窒息,这是传统中国社会的“现代”因素难以成长、壮大并最终实现社会转型的根本原因。     

浅谈当代中国政策过程

政策过程是政府过程的核心环节,它主要包括政策的制定和执行.本文从结构和功能方面来探讨当代中国的政策过程的实际运行,阐明政策过程中决策过程与执行过程的一体性和互动性,同时探讨中国政策过程制度化层面上存在的问题.     

论构建当代中国的发展政治学

科学发展观是当代中国的政治发展观,也是中国政治发展的根本指导思想.要构建当代中国的发展政治学,必须把以人为本作为中国政治发展的出发点和归宿,坚持全面、协调、可持续发展,坚持统筹兼顾,认真研究中国政治发展的目标体系,分析经济、社会结构的变化对中国政治发展的影响,思考中国政治发展的力量结构变动,探索中国民主政治的发展路径与实现机制,探讨发展政治学的研究方法.     

我国思想政治教育的现代性困境及超越

超越现代性的我国思想政治教育在现代性原理驱动下的有中国特色的现代化运动过程中产生困窘实则必然,直面动态、变幻的现代性态势,注重研究马克思对现代性的洞察与关注现代性批判的存在论基础——对历史的、现实的人及其感性活动的考察——和硕果——马克思主义对我国思想政治教育的指导,在解读美国《公民读本》基础上,为我国思想政治教育的现代性困境的超越指明路径——形而下地深入考察当今人的真实生活现实,关注个体的幸福实现,由此出发相应地调整和完善思想政治教育的内容和方法。     

试论当代中国的宪政文化建设

有宪法未必有宪政,作为西方泊来品的宪政文化是宪政得以实现的深层次原因。文章在探讨西方宪政文化的主要内容及回顾百年中国立宪教训的基础上,对当代中国的宪政文化建设提出了具体的建议。     

试论中国近代民主的特征

中国近代民主的萌芽、生长,在极其特殊的社会历史条件下形成了自己独特的发展轨迹,孕育出自身鲜明的特点,本文就中国近代民主产生的社会历史背景和特征进行分析之后,认为:民主具有社会相关性、民主从根本上讲是本国内部经济社会发展的必然要求、民主是多数人参与的伟大事业。     

The discourse of democracy in Canadian nuclear waste management policy

Canadian nuclear waste management policy has taken a deliberative democratic turn. What explains this turn? What is its significance? What lessons does it teach us? I trace a narrative of a powerful discursive coalition that was able to take advantage of institutional and financial opportunities to advance deliberative democratic decision making. I identify limitations in this turn by evaluating the Nuclear Waste Management Organization’s subsequent consultation process against the criteria of inclusion, equality, reciprocity, agreement, and integration. Despite impressive deliberative democratic designs, the process falls short of each criterion. This analysis clarifies the relative importance of actors to coalitions and institutions. Even with a strong coalition and favorable institutional context, realizing deliberative democracy is contingent on the will of involved actors. This conclusion has implications for the theory and practice of deliberative democracy.     

The emergence of the entrepreneurial state in contemporary China

As market reform has progressed in China, state bureaux have adapted and become entrepreneurial. This contradicts expectations that states will either simply retreat in the face of encroaching markets to play a minimal role in the economy, or obstruct market‐oriented change through bureaucratic conservatism or rent‐seeking. This paper describes the state entrepreneurialism that has appeared in the Chinese city of Tianjin in the early 1990s and explains its emergence as the consequence of both market‐induced structural transformation and the resultant changing incentives and demands on officials. It proposes the ‘entrepreneurial state’ as a model of state adaptation to marketization and assesses its implications for both our conception of the developmental state and for anticipation of rent‐seeking and resistance to market reform.     

当代中国的社会公正:进展与问题

从积极方面看,1978年以来中国社会公正的基础发生了深刻变化,但是,社会公正方面的问题也不容忽视,如部分公民的权利义务不对称问题、社会分配不公问题、社会政策滞后问题、社会分化和精英结盟问题等。在科学发展观的指导下,将“更加注重社会公平”作为当下政策调整和法制建设的重点是适时而必须的。     

哈萨克斯坦在亚信会议中的特殊地位及对中国的启示

哈萨克斯坦作为亚信会议的发起国,对亚信会议具有重要的影响力。哈致力于推动亚信机制的升级,是基于其国内政治和中亚战略目标的需要。中国在2014年5月成为新一届亚信会议轮值主席国,应关注哈在该机制中的特殊角色和利益诉求,在此基础上发挥建设亚信机制的主导力量,使该机制成为开拓中哈关系的积极推手和服务于中国周边外交战略的有效平台。     

当代中国地区政府间关系研究

当代中国地区政府间关系是指当代中国各地区政府之间基于经济社会发展的相互合作而形成的横向关系.改革开放以后,随着各种形式经济区的形成,各地区政府间的横向关系日益密切和活跃.理顺和发展各地区政府之间的横向关系,对于缩小中国地区差距,实现共同富裕和共同发展,都有着重大的现实意义和深远的历史意义.