Defining Criterion of Contracting Entities in EU Public Procurement Law and Its Model Significance for China

欧盟公共采购法包括三类主体——公共部门、经营四个指定公用事业行业的公共企业和在政府授予的特殊或排他性权利基础上开展经营的私有企业.其中将公共部门纳入政府采购是由于委托—代理关系的存在,而将企业纳入政府采购是为了防止政府对企业的采购过程施加影响.相比之下我国政府采购法规定的采购主体仅限于公共部门的范畴,这是由我国目前的社会经济发展需要决定的.政府采购法的采购主体制度不是一成不变的,应随着社会经济发展需要的变化而发展变迁,我国国有企业改革完成后,也应将国有企业按照不同性质进行分类,一部分由竞争法调整,一部分纳入政府采购法的调整范围.     

论欧盟公共采购法采购主体的界定标准及其对我国的借鉴意义

欧盟公共采购法包括三类主体———公共部门、经营四个指定公用事业行业的公共企业和在政府授予的特殊或排他性权利基础上开展经营的私有企业。其中将公共部门纳入政府采购是由于委托—代理关系的存在,而将企业纳入政府采购是为了防止政府对企业的采购过程施加影响。相比之下我国政府采购法规定的采购主体仅限于公共部门的范畴,这是由我国目前的社会经济发展需要决定的。政府采购法的采购主体制度不是一成不变的,应随着社会经济发展需要的变化而发展变迁,我国国有企业改革完成后,也应将国有企业按照不同性质进行分类,一部分由竞争法调整,一部分纳入政府采购法的调整范围。     

政府采购法主体之比较研究——兼谈我国政府采购法主体之立法对策

政法采购法主体具有不确定性 ,WTO对于政府采购法的主体界定很灵活 ,欧盟政府采购法主体则注重从实质上以其所从事的活动的性质来确定。我国的财政性资金结构比较复杂 ,对国家机关、社会团体、政党组织及企事业单位的采购法主体需区别对待。     

公共采购制度之公私关系研究

公共采购中的公私关系包括采购人与供应商的关系,采购人与其工作人员或其代理机构、聘用专家等的关系,供应商与其员工的关系,纳税人(或公众)与采购人、供应商之间的关系,跨国公私主体之间的关系等.公共采购公私关系的多维度存在、公共采购合同混合论的共识、公共采购法公法与私法调整机制的综合运用,说明公共采购法是公私耦合之法.其公私关系具有范围、功能与规制的多维度、采购流程上的公权与私权强弱渐变、规制与激励上的复式等特征.正确处理公共采购中的公私关系对完善我国公共采购法具有重要的意义.     

政府采购法主体之比较研究——兼谈我国政府采购法主体之立法对策

政府采购法主体 ,乃是政府采购法之适用主体。无疑 ,在确定政府采购法之适用范围时 ,仅仅确定了采购法主体是不够的。完整地确定政府采购法之适用范围 ,应包括适用主体、采购客体、采购限额、采购适用之免除 ,乃至采购主体所为之活动及采购概念本身。②但对采购法主体之研讨具有特殊重要的意义。第一 ,采购法主体乃是采购法适用之前提和核心。采购客体乃是采购主体所为的对象 ,采购限额乃是对主体采购对象之适法性从价值形态上予以度量与确定。概言之 ,一切采购活动都是采购主体之活动 ,都由采购主体而生并由此展开。尽管在确定采购主体之适…     

欧盟立法评估制度研究

立法评估是对立法效果的评估和分析.经过近十年的实践和发展,欧盟立法评估制度已经形成了包括评估目标、主体、对象、标准、主要内容以及程序步骤等在内的完整的制度框架体系.随着市场经济的发展和欧洲政治经济一体化进程的加快,欧盟的立法评估制度在市场规制、提高立法质量与增进社会公共福利方面发挥着愈来愈重要的作用.虽然该制度在具体实际运作中尚有较大的改进空间,但其仍为我国立法评估制度的构建提供了可资借鉴的因素.     

社会复合主体:城市公共治理的结构创新——以杭州市城市治理经验为例

当今,城市公共事务治理变得异常复杂,以往城市管理部门许多治理经验已难以适应新的治理情境,于是创新城市治理模式成为必然。在这样背景下,杭州市试图运用社会复合主体模式突破城市治理困局。对于社会复合主体治理创新这一新生事物,人们的认知大多聚焦在理念和价值功能的建构上,而很少关注其隐含的制度结构和关系结构。事实上,通过多案例的分析,我们发现社会复合主体的"共治"结构属性,即平等的关系结构和规范制度结构;而社会复合主体的成功运行也表明"共治"结构的前提是政府前瞻性的理念创新和民主开放的价值取向,而非社会资本和公共精神的充裕程度。     

政府是提高公共管理效益的关键

公共管理应以追求效益为目标,制度对效益的提高具有重要的影响,而政府既是公共管理的核心主体,又是制度创新的核心主体。这一双重核心主体地位决定着政府是提高公共管理效益的关键。     

公共机构的数据持有者权——多元数据开放体系的基础制度

在我国，越来越多的地方立法呈现出以公共数据开放替代政务(政府)数据开放的制度趋势。公共数据被定义为公共机构在履行公共管理和公共服务过程中所形成的数据。凡落入公共数据范畴，就应当汇集于公共数据开放平台以向社会开放。但公共数据不是被事先界定的，而应当依据数据开放行为的性质来定义所开放数据的性质，既充分实现数字政府的公共数据服务职能，同时使公共机构所持有的数据资源对接数据要素市场，满足社会对高质量可再利用数据要素的需求。在数据成为生产要素，数据持有者权成为数据基础制度核心的背景下，应当分别确立社会主体、政府和其他公共机构的数据持有者权，以清晰界定数据治理、流通利用的权责边界，从而构建多元的数据开放体系。     

欧盟反垄断私人诉讼制度的最新发展及启示

从欧盟竞争法的最新发展来看,私人诉讼在反垄断法中的地位正在逐步增强.欧盟委员会认为,行政执法始终是反垄断法实施的中坚力量,但私人诉讼是公共实施的有益补充.此外,欧盟积极借鉴美国的反托拉斯私人诉讼制度,旨在促进欧盟区经济的发展及欧盟消费者权利的保护.就我国而言,可以借鉴欧盟的经验,高度重视私人在反垄断法实施中的作用,完善法律制度,以推动反垄断私人诉讼在我国的发展.     

“人道主义干涉”的国际法学批判

“人道主义干涉”的理论是主权与人权理论中的一个重要组成部分。近代国际法上形成了传统意义上的“人道主义干涉”及其理论 ,但是 ,《联合国宪章》制定以后 ,“人道主义干涉”及其理论被国际法所否定和摒弃。西方学者对“人道主义干涉”的理论存在着二种对立的观点。主张“人道主义干涉”为合法的观点 ,成了西方国家侵犯别国主权、武装干涉别国内政的借口和工具。我国学者普遍否定“人道主义干涉”及其理论 ,但也存在着模糊的观点 ,混淆了与联合国体制下人道主义救援的本质区别。“人道主义干涉” ,不仅在理论上是错误的 ,而且是违背国际法的 ,其实质是否定国家主权、干涉别国内政。联合国安理会采取的执行行动 ,是对于威胁和平、破坏和平以及侵略行为的应付办法 ,安理会对于严重侵犯人权的国家采取的军事行动 ,其真正目的仍然是为了维护国际和平与安全 ,而不是单纯的为了一国的人权问题进行干预 ,更不是所谓的“人道主义干涉”。     

EU Enlargement and the Emboldening of Institutional Integrity in Central and Eastern Europe: The ‘Tough Test’ of Public Procurement

EU enlargement and the incorporation of the acquis communautaire are widely seen as successful and emboldening the integrity of political, administrative and legal institutions in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The analysis reported here describes the specific problems associated with affirming institutional integrity in the field of public procurement, which constitutes a ‘tough test’. Public procurement is namely an area where the acquis swiftly gained pre‐eminence in accession states, but whose complex regulations depend on a well‐functioning judiciary, effective administrative supervision and limited corruption. The experience in Poland and Bulgaria, countries that represent different stages of institution building in this area, is compared. The results suggest that an EU‐compatible public procurement regime is being consolidated throughout the CEE region. At the same time, that regime may only work well when boundaries between institutional subjects, as well as between the spheres of law, politics and economics, are upheld in post‐communist countries.     

Strict Compliance versus Commercial Reality: The Practical Application of EC Public Procurement Law to the UK's Private Finance Initiative

Abstract: The Private Finance Initiative (PFI) has been described as the largest cultural change for decades in the way the public sector operates in the United Kingdom. Most of these projects have to be delivered within the framework of public procurement law. This article investigates whether the divergence between the legal framework and the commercial requirements of PFI has resulted in the development of a ‘PFI procurement practice’. If so, it is aimed to examine the reasons for developing the practice and whether it deviated from procurement law. The results of the qualitative empirical study, on which the article is based, are not limited to PFI procurement, but have wider implications for EC procurement law and the general debate over whether it is suitable for modern procurement practice. The findings are also of interest to legal sociologists and European Union lawyers as they describe circumstances under which addressees of the law deviate from supra‐national rules.     

WTO Government Procurement Rules and the Local Dynamics of Procurement Policies: A Malaysian Case Study

This article examines efforts to create binding internationalrules regulating public procurement and considers, in particular,the failure to reach a WTO agreement on transparency in governmentprocurement. The particular focus of the discussion is the approachtaken by Malaysia to these international procurement rules andto the negotiation of an agreement on transparency. Rules governingpublic procurement directly implicate fundamental arrangementsof authority amongst and between different parts of government,its citizens and non-citizens. At the same time, the rules touchupon areas that are particularly sensitive for some developingcountries. Many governments use preferences in public procurementto accomplish important redistributive and developmental goals.Malaysia has long used significant preferences in public procurementto further sensitive developmental policies targeted at improvingthe economic strength of native Malays. Malaysia also has politicaland legal arrangements substantially at odds with fundamentalelements of proposed global public procurement rules. Malaysiahas, therefore, been forceful in resisting being bound by internationalpublic procurement rules, and has played an important role indefeating the proposed agreement on transparency. We suggestthat our case study has implications beyond procurement. Thedevelopment of international public procurement rules appearsto be guided by many of the same values that guide the broadereffort to create a global administrative law. This case study,therefore, has implications for the broader exploration of theseefforts to develop a global administrative law, in particularthe relationship between such efforts and the interests of developingcountries.     

政府采购合同的行政法研究

政府采购合同是政府采购活动的重要组成部分，其本质是通过合同实现政府意志和社会公共利益。我国《政府采购法》将政府采购合同定位为民事合同，然而微观分析这一定位，其本质属性明显有别于民事合同，政府采购合同应属行政合同。     

建立我国公司法人人格否认制度的法理透视与思考

在我国 ,市场经济确立不久 ,公司立法制度也起步较晚 ,我国正式立法中几乎没有形成公司法人人格否认的理念。但是随着我国现代市场经济的快速发展 ,我国经济生活中已经出现了一些带有普遍意义上的公司法人人格和有限责任的滥用 ,损害公司债权人以及社会公众利益的情况。因此 ,通过对外国公司法人人格否认制度的理性分析与研究以及对我国现在有些公司成员滥用公司法人人格侵害公司债权人和社会公众利益的实证考察 ,提出如何确立我国的公司法人人格否认制度来完善我国的公司法律制度。     

The contribution of EU public procurement law to corporate social responsibility

This article argues that while EU public procurement law increasingly allows public authorities to take environmental and social considerations into account in public purchasing decisions, it does impose limits on the possibility for authorities to incentivise corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies through public procurement. These specific limits are the result of the EU legislator's choice to endorse the Court of Justice's ordoliberal approach to public procurement law. This approach is in tension with EU CSR policy, and more broadly, the EU's non‐economic goals such as environmental protection, the fight against climate change, human rights and social policy. It reflects a normative preference for the right of undertakings to compete for a tender over the freedom of government authorities to choose a supplier on public interest grounds even if these choices are based exclusively on a legitimate public interest and should be reconsidered.     

刑法的机能和我国刑法的任务

刑法的机能是关系到刑法理论体系以及刑法解释的重要问题。国外有关刑法机能的见解,是他们所主张的法律理念的结果。我国由于法律价值观和刑法规定内容和国外不同,因此,我国刑法的机能也与国外的情况不同。在我国,刑法的首要机能是维持社会秩序,其次是保障人权。     

Coverage of the WTO's Agreement on Government Procurement: Challenges of Integrating China and other Countries with a Large State Sector into the Global Trading System

The WTO's plurilateral Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA)is a significant WTO instrument to develop disciplines regulatinggovernment procurement. A recent major review of the GPA hasled to a revised text, likely to enter into force in 2007. Inthe meanwhile, China, a country with a large state sector, haspromised to initiate GPA accession negotiations by the end of2007. The article provides a critical assessment of the extent towhich the recent review of the coverage of the GPA has appreciatedthe characteristics of the government procurement regime ofthose countries with a large state sector. It is argued thatthe lack of a principled approach to entity coverage and theambiguities surrounding the scope of covered procurement arelikely to substantially hinder the negotiating process and preventthe optimal outcome of accession negotiations. It is suggestedthat a formula consisting of basic factors defining the coverageof government procurement disciplines, such as government controland competition, should be employed to address this issue.