谁之中国?何种主体性?——再读邓正来《中国法学向何处去——建构"中国法律理想图景"时代的论纲》

邓正来教授的<中国法学向何处去>在批判其他法学理论模式陷入"现代化范式"危机的同时,也陷入了一种"现代化范式"危机,邓正来教授提出了"中国法律理想图景"仍然是一种根据西方的"法律理想图景".     

‘Mutual aid is present in every crisis’: An Interview with Dean Spade

The Covid-19 pandemic unravelled a crisis of the modern state, and its legal institutions on the one hand, and on the other hand of our interpretive frames—both philosophical and scientific. It is here that the idea and practice of mutual aid gains significance, both to think about how we can respond to acute crises of planetary scales as well as to the crisis of critique in the discipline of law. The task of mutual aid is not to rehabilitate law out of its crisis or to restore conditions and systems back to a state prior to a crisis. This is because, as Dean Spade says in this interview, ‘they are not broken systems needing to be fixed. They are working exactly as they were designed to work, constantly sharpening violence against targeted populations and enriching a very few people.’ Spade—Wismer Professor of Gender and Diversity at the Seattle University School of Law and a founder of the Sylvia Rivera Law Project—is a key scholar-activist voice on mutual aid in North America and Europe. He is author, most recently, of Mutual Aid: Building Solidarity During this Crisis (And the Next). In this conversation with Oishik Sircar, Spade discusses his theoretical and political influences, how he relates the idea of crisis to critique, his sobering assessment of the limitations not only of law reform but of the role of legal education in radical transformation, his own understandings of mutual aid, his favourite words, why and how he does not see himself only as a legal scholar-activist, and his vision of hope and hopelessness in times of acute and intense crises.

     

刑事诉讼法上的类推解释

类推解释在刑法和刑事诉讼法上具有不同的形式和意义。刑法基于罪刑法定原则的要求,原则上禁止类推解释,尤其是相似条文之间的类推解释;只有在有利于被告的前提下,才允许事实比较意义上的类推解释。但在刑事诉讼法上,即使承认程序法定原则,也只是禁止扩张国家权力的类推解释,而不应禁止保障国民权利的类推解释。     

宪法权利与民事权利关系辨

宪法是一国法律体系中的根本法,民法是对宪法在民事领域的具体化;但宪法又是公法,与作为私法的民法有本质上的区别。与此相对应,宪法权利与民事权利在性质、内容和行使方式等方面存在差别,但宪法权利功能的变迁又使其有影响民事权利发展的可能性。人权是整体法律体系的价值基础,人权入宪为宪法权利通过其体现的人权价值影响民事权利提供了法律基础,尽管如此,两者仍是不同性质的权利,宪法权利规范不能直接用于调整私人间的民事权利义务关系。     

His master’s voice: H.L.A. Hart and Lacanian discourse theory

H.L.A. Hart’s jurisprudence seems antithetical to Jacques Lacan’s psychoanalysis. Professor Schroeder argues that, in fact, Hart’s concept of law has surprising similarities to Lacan’s ‘discourse of the Master’. Both reject a command theory of law: subjects do not obey law out of fear. Moreover, both insist that the authority of law is completely independent from its content. Anyone seeking to develop a psychoanalytically sophisticated critical legal theory should reconsider Hart. As insightful as his concept of the symbolic is, Lacan has no expertise in legal systems and does not discuss positive law per se. Although he posited a theory of ethics in his Seventh Seminar and the seeds of a jurisprudence are implicit within his theory, he offers no account of legal right, justice or what Hart misleadingly calls ‘morality’. A Lacanian jurisprudence must, therefore, be supplemented by other sources. Moreover, legal positivists should not dismiss psychoanalysis. As insightful as Hart’s jurisprudence is, his theories of legal subjectivity and linguistics are simplistic and his concept of law too narrow. He describes only one aspect of legal experience: obedience to law. He ignores what most legal actors do: Hart’s concept of law excludes the practice of law. Although Lacan’s ‘master’s discourse’ surprisingly parallels Hart’s jurisprudence, Lacan does not restrict the symbolic to the master’s discourse. It requires three other ‘discourses’. Lacan, therefore, supplements Hart. Specifically, Lacan’s fourth discourse describes the excluded practice of law and provides the mechanism by which ‘morality’ can critique law.

论法律渊源--以法学方法和法律方法为视角

从法律方法的角度看法律适用是一个关于“法律是什么”的认识理性 ,而法律适用中法律渊源内部冲突的解决是一个“如何实现法律”的技艺理性。从两者的关系上看 ,认识“法律是什么”是“如何实现法律”的起点 ,“法律是什么”也仰赖于“法律如何实现”     

关于性别医疗变更行为的法律思考

随着社会经济和医疗技术的飞速发展,性别变更医疗行为一方面给予了个人选择自己性别的权利的可能,另一方面也给社会带来了诸如性别证明、婚姻、亲属关系、就业、社会福利等一系列法律问题。目前,我国法律对变性手术实施的对象、法律条件、法律程序等缺乏明确的法律规定,如何让“变性”、法律、社会三者相互协调,既保证公民选择自己性别的权利,又保障整个社会的协调发展以达到个人与社会的双赢,是一个值得研究的问题。我国可以借鉴在考察外国相关立法,从性别变更医疗行为的范围、条件和程序诸方面进行规范。     

On the Wrong Track: Andrei Marmor on Legal Positivism,Interpretation, and Easy Cases

Abstract. The paper argues for the following points: (1) Marmor's own understanding of “legal positivism” is different from the understanding defended, e.g., by Herbert Hart and Norberto Bobbio, and apparently misleads him into the wrong track of a theoretical inversion; (2) Marmor's two‐stages model of (legal) interpretation—the understanding‐interpretion model—provides no support for Marmor's own positivistic theory of law; (3) Marmor's concept of interpretation is at odds both with the basic tenets of Hartian and Continental methodological legal positivism, on the one hand, and with the actual practice of legal interpretation in the Western world, on the other hand; (4) Marmor's concept of an easy case is likewise objectionable.     

司法过程中的法律发现

司法过程中的法律发现是法学方法论的重要组成部分，它研究的是法官面对个案理解、解释、适用法律的过程。在这一过程中，法官应表达对法律的忠诚并根据案件事实衡平个别正义。法官之所以在司法过程中发现法律，乃是因为法律适用就是法律解释，没有法官对法律和事实的理解，就不可能有法律适用。依照法治原则，发现法律首先应从法律正式法源中去寻找，只有当正式法源中没有明确标准或虽有标准但该标准与个案正义严重背离时，才在非正式法源中寻找可以接受的答案。     

《瑞士民法典》之法官与法律的关系

著名的《瑞士民法典》第1条规定了法官与法律之间的关系.它一方面明确法官受法律约束,另一方面又赋予了法官在法律解释和填补法律漏洞时较大的裁量空间,甚至明确要求法官要“像立法者那样”行为,表达了立法者对法官的极大信任.此外,它还要求法官考虑经过检验的学理和遵循以往判例,这也是《瑞士民法典》第1条的特色之一.     

最高法院对外国法适用的上诉审查

最高法院位于一国司法体系的顶端,同时负有上诉终审裁判功能和发展法律的功能.最高法院是否应对外国法的错误适用进行上诉审查,各国实践和理论分歧甚大,从中可以概括出三种基本模式:拒绝审查模式、有限审查模式和全面审查模式.从最高法院的上诉裁判功能出发,为落实当事人的上诉救济权利,尤其是在我国二审终审和法官对外国法的查明和确定拥有主导权的语境下,最高法院应对外国法的错误适用进行上诉审查.外国法的适用与本国法律体系的发展并不割裂,相反两者具有实质关联,最高法院从其发展法律的功能出发,也应主动审查下级法院对外国法的错误适用.最高法院解释和适用外国法,有助于增进本国法律体系的包容和开放的精神.     

司法对法律体系的完善

人民法院的司法活动对完善法律体系具有不可替代的独特作用。司法通过作用于法律体系的微观向度、调适过程、法与社会联系的建立、成文法固有缺陷的克服来完善法律体系。完善的具体方式包括司法解释、法律解释、指导性案例、司法审查、司法建议、参与和配合立法、送请有权机关审查和裁决、提出法律案等。对于通过司法完善法律体系,需要树立正确的理念。     

李步云宪政思想引读

李步云教授与法学结缘五十余年,其法学思想主要围绕宪政这一主题,从民主、法治、人权这三个维度展开.他对民主的概念、价值、实现途径;对法治与人治的关系,如何实现依法治国,怎样才算是法治国家,以及人权的概念与人权入宪,人权的普遍性与特殊性、人权的存在形态、人权的来源和价值等都有着独到的见解,并形成了比较完整的体系.以李教授近三十年的研究成果为基础,以时间为线索,对李教授的宪政思想进行概括与评述.一方面是为了将李教授的主要学术观点介绍给读者,另一方面希望为读者更进一步了解李教授的宪政思想做一个引导.     

The Special Case Thesis

The author outlines his thesis that legal discourse is a special case of general practical discourse ( Sonderfallthese ) and develops it as an attempt to cover both the authoritative, institutional, or real and free, discursive, or ideal dimension of legal reasoning. On this basis, he examines the objections raised by Habermas (1996) to the special case thesis. First, he discusses the reduction of general practical discourse to moral discourses ( genus proximum problem) holding that the former is a combination of moral, ethical, and pragmatic arguments within the priority of just; second, he examines the objection that general practical arguments change their character or nature when employed in legal contexts (subset and specification problem) and the related problems concerning legal validity and unjust law. He concludes proposing a procedural (opposite to a coherential) integration of general practical arguments in the legal context.     

One Myth of the Classical Natural Law Theory: Reflecting on the “Thin” View of Legal Positivism

Much controversy has emerged on the demarcation between legal positivism and non‐legal positivism with some authors calling for a ban on the ‐as they see it‐ nonsensical labelling of legal philosophical debates. We agree with these critics; simplistic labelling cannot replace the work of sophisticated and sound argumentation. In this paper we do not use the term ‘legal positivism’ as a simplistic label but identify a specific position which we consider to be the most appealing and plausible view on legal positivism. This is the view advocated by Gardner in his paper 'Legal Positivism: 5½ Myths’ (Gardner 2001 , 199), where he carefully scrutinises the most convincing and unifying postulates of legal positivism, which he calls “the thin view”. The study shows that this thin view presupposes an empirical conception of action that is untenable and implausible since it makes acts of engagement with the law unintelligible to an observer of such acts.     

罪刑法定视域中的刑法适用解释

The judicial interpretation of criminal law should be an application interpretation to individual cases that is guided by judges and participated by the prosecutor and the accused, for which the judicial judgment should be combined with the application of criminal law of specific cases, and the criminal precedents should be as a carrier. The Supreme People’s Court should change from the previous practices of issuing normative and abstract interpretation to the dual approaches of the interpretation of criminal law application through direct creation and indirect acknowledgement. Liang Genlin, Professor and Vice Dean of Law School of Peking University and as a visiting professor of University of Tuebingen (2001–2002). His main research focuses on criminal law and criminal policy, and his important publications include “On the Structure of Punishment”, “Liang Genlin’s Review on Criminal Policy, Volume I, Criminal Policy: Standpoint and Category”, “Liang Genlin’s Review on Criminal Policy, Volume II, the Arm of the Law: Expand and Limit”, “Liang Genlin’s Review on Criminal Policy, Volume III, Criminal Sanction: Manner and Choice”. Besides, he has also published over 40 discourses on criminal law and criminal policy since 1996.     

法律解释的困境

由于法律解释元规则的缺位 ,法律解释学很难具有方法论的意义。疑难案件的判决结果并不来自于法律内部 ,对不同判决方案预测其社会效果并权衡其利弊得失是隐含于法律解释中的思维过程 ,正是这个隐含的思维过程决定了疑难案件应当如何判决、法律应当如何解释。     

Retracing One’s Steps: Searching for the Ethics of Legal Interpretation

The article discusses the problem of interpretation in law. Are there some criteria by which we can distinguish a good interpretation from a bad one, interpretation from over-interpretation? It is argued in this article that there is always a choice in defining the meaning of a text and this choice can be seen as an ethical one. This article thus studies the question of limits of interpretation by focusing on the ethical elements of interpretation. It is argued here that legal interpretation contains a requirement of justice that shapes the responsibility that the interpreter carries for his choices of meaning. Therefore the ethical elements of interpretation are especially pressing in the interpretation of legal texts.     

车文博先生对无意识心理学研究的理论贡献

本文既在专题水平上探讨车文博教授关于无意识心理学思想的系统论述,并尝试揭示其理论意义,又希望通过这个专题研究,揭示车文博教授文以载道的学术人格和治学理念,从而为我们学习、领会、研究车文博教授博大精深的心理学思想提供一个方法论的范型。     

The Poet and the Poor Law. Reflections Upon John Clare's ``The Parish'

This article argues that the work of the hedgerow poet John Clare is invaluable for legal social history in illuminating the reality of the operation of the poor law as it affected the lives of the poor. Clare's poem,The Parish, written between 1823–6 was not published during the author's lifetime. Written as he first achieved fame, it consists of 2,202 lines of satire denouncing the cant and hypocrisy he himself had witnessed and experienced in local village life. His Parish was his settlement parish where he and his parents were subject to the power of the vestry and local officials. This piece considers the text within the context of the legal history of the poor law. The value ofThe Parish as a primary source for that legal history is not merely in the simple narrative of biographical events allied to the poet's words, evocative as they are. It lies in the subtleties of Clare's own ambiguity about being poor and in the way those ambiguities assist us today both in understanding Clare's times and values and in hearing Clare mediating the universal experience of poverty through his art. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.