浅谈我国刑法的合宪化发展

宪法是国家根本大法,而刑法是国家基本法之一。在宪法的指导下刑法应该坚持一种自由优先、兼顾秩序的合宪化价值取向位阶关系;在重视人权保障和法治的这一宪法大背景下,当前的我国刑法立法应该坚持刑法谦抑性理念的合宪化立法趋向。     

宪法发展与刑法理念的更新——国权刑法向民权刑法的嬗变

随着经济在快速发展,我国法律体系也在不断完善.刑法作为宪法的实施法,它直接传承着宪法中所蕴涵的基础精神.因此,宪法的价值、精神以及理念的变化会对刑法的发展产生相应的影响,从一定意义上讲,也就是国权刑法向民权刑法的嬗变.本文主要分析了宪法发展进一步促进民权刑法的发展,阐述了在当前形势下,国权刑法向民权刑法在嬗变过程中存在的不足,并进行了具体分析,进一步体现了宪法发展与刑法理念更新之间的关系,以促进我国法律体系不断完善.     

言论自由的刑法保护——以刑法合宪性解释为视角

言论自由的刑法研究已落入窠臼,一是多从限制言论自由的角度出发,缺少"限制之限制"的思考,二是局限于刑法领域,缺乏对言论自由的宪法关怀。而唯有坚持刑法的合宪性解释,才能在言论自由和刑法法益之间求得平衡。理论上,罪刑法定的实质侧面为刑法的合宪性解释提供可能性,宪法与刑法之间的密切联系则是刑法合宪性解释存在的必要性;现实中,以侮辱罪、诽谤罪为例,需要综合考虑言论自由的对象、内容,平衡宪法权利与刑法法益。唯有此,刑法才能更好地保障言论自由。     

论刑法原则的宪法化

刑法宪法化是当代各国刑法的发展趋势,是一种新的刑法思潮,是刑法改革的方向,是刑法现代化的重要标志。刑法宪法化是指在宪政背景下,将刑法的一些基本理念和价值写入宪法,用宪法条款限制刑事立法和司法,在刑事立法和司法领域建立起违宪审查制度以限制国家刑罚权。它倡导民权刑法理念,终极目的在于保障人权。欲在我国实现刑法原则的宪法化,应该着重从制度构建的层面上来予以完善,即一方面要求将刑法的基本原则写入宪法,另一方面要求建立适合我国国情的违宪审查制度。     

论宪法发展与刑法进步

《宪法》是国家的根本大法,是刑法立法和刑事司法的依据。但宪法发展与刑法进步之间存在互动关系。1982年至今,我国现行《宪法》历经30年的发展,在理念、制度和规范等方面都取得了极大的进步,指引、带动了刑法的进步。未来,我国应在宪法发展的指引下,提升刑法理念,促进刑法的宪法化、宪法的刑法化和刑法的法典化。     

论刑法的宪政之维

宪政之维的刑法可谓刑法"宪法化"了.刑法的目的不仅保障社会中善良公民的基本权利,而且保护犯罪人的权利.刑罚的执行不是给罪犯带来痛苦,而是要注重如何保障罪犯的权利.国家的刑事政策与自由、平等、法治等宪政理念紧密相连,其目的在于个人自由之保护,而不是警察国家模式所追求的刑事政策的惩罚性.刑法"宪法化"最重要的标志是刑法司法必须接受宪法的限制.美国式违宪审查模式与德国式宪法诉愿模式将宪法对刑法的限制加以建制化.     

目前刑法适用范围的研究

刑法,作为宪法构成的一个基础部分,是犯罪与刑罚的法律规范的总称.本文将从刑法的角度上.从各个方面来讨论研究刑法所适用的范围.     

当代中国宪法的发展与刑法理念的更新

宪法是一国的根本大法,是母法,宪法的具体制度及其价值目标要通过包括刑法在内的具体法律制度去实现,具体法律制度要在具体内容及实质的精神内涵上与宪法保持高度一致,在宪法发展背景下,我国刑法理念不断更新,实现了在人权保障前提下的秩序维持,在公正理念下平等保护各类主体的法益,在谦抑观念下的适度犯罪化。但要真正实现宪法发展和刑法理念更新之间的良性互动,应在借鉴世界各国违宪审查制度的基础上,构建有中国特色的违宪审查制度。     

论刑法的宪法性界限

刑法是最精确的法.由于刑法以剥夺公民的自由为主要制裁手段,因此必须强调刑法体系的科学性与精确性,才能使刑法符合理性目的,满足法治需要.为了实现这一目的,必须确立刑法的宪法性界限,这不仅是在法律效力等级这一形式层面上宪法至上的客观要求,更在于刑罚目的与宪法价值的在实质理性层面的契合.作为中国刑法学理论体系的起点,刑罚目的的宪法性界限的确立必然要求宪法性界限贯穿于整个刑法体系之中.而刑法的宪法性界限的确立,将有利于法治体系的完善与统一,有助于刑法真正发挥授权法、保护法和塑造法的功能,从而实现公平正义的法治目标.当然,刑法的宪法性界限的确立,需要制度设计与实践遵从的保障.     

宪法发展与刑法目的的生成

刑法目的生成的宪法性根基,是指刑法目的生成过程中,导引并制约刑法目的生成的宪法目的、价值观以及宪法条文。宪法发展对刑法目的具有导向和制约作用,我国应构建宪政基础上的刑法目的。     

流浪乞讨与管制--从贫困救助看中央与地方权限的界定

随着《收容遣送办法》的废止,个人自由权利与社会治安秩序之间的现实冲突比过去更为突显。应转变中央和地方关系的传统思维,在允许地方更多自主权和选择权的同时,更充分地保障公民个人的宪法基本权利。无论是中央和地方关系的法律界定,还是公民权利的宪法保障,都要求建立独立的司法机构以审查地方立法的有效性。     

Implementing and evaluating crime prevention and control programs and policies

The history of crime prevention and control efforts in the United States has demonstrated little progressive improvement in our ability to deter crime. The major obstacles to implementing effective interventions and policies have been a weak scientific knowledge base about how to prevent crime, the research community's inability to effectively disseminate what is known about the causes of crime and to translate this knowledge into operational programs and policies, and a resistance on the part of practitioners and policy makers to evaluate programs and policies and to use this information in the development of new programs and policies. In the last decade, there have been major advances in our understanding about the causes of crime and we have now demonstrated the effectiveness of selected prevention programs. But there is little evidence that this scientific knowledge is informing current practice or policy. Problems in the dissemination of this information and the resistance to utilizing it remain. These problems are discussed and suggestions are made for addressing them. Our knowledge base remains modest, but it is now sufficient to inform policy and practice. The research community must work to do a better job of disseminating this information and overcoming the resistance to utilizing it before we will be successful in implementing effective crime prevention programs and policies. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

International aid,trade and investment and access and allocation

International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics - The access to goods and their allocation (who gets what, when, where and how) is one of the analytical problems of the 2009...     

Accommodation and Satisfaction: Women and Men Lawyers and the Balance of Work and Family

This study of graduates of the University of Michigan Law School from the late 1970s reports on the differing ways that women and men have responded to the conflicting claims of work and family. It finds that women with children who have entered the profession have indeed continued to bear the principal responsibilities for the care of children, but it also finds that these women, with all their burdens, are more satisfied with their careers and with the balance of their family and professional lives than other women and than men.     

真相与正义，探究与辩护，科学与法律

在美国法律文化塑造下的对抗制诉讼制度和科学的调查程序之间存在着紧张关系（tension），在法律所关注的裁决终局性（finality）和科学所追求的持续性纠错（oven—minded fallibilism）之间存在着紧张关系。长期以来，法律界都试图通过可采性法律规则归化科学证言，结果导致联邦法官担负起广泛的审查职责；近期，法庭指定专家的制度实践导致对抗制度做出某些修正，这种制度实践已经被批评为“带有纠问色彩”（inquisitorial），甚至“违背了民主的要求”（undemocratic）。在分析这些制度利弊的过程中，我们有必要考察其他法律系统的经验教训。     

油气储运防火安全分析及预防措施

本文主要从设备故障与维护、防静电、动火作业、执行操作规程等几个方面引起的爆炸和火灾进行分析,制定对应的防护措施。提出了以做好设备维护保养、防静电处理、做好防火设计及安全装置、落实动火作业措施及强化安全培训等方面进行综合防控,消除油气储运过程中引起的爆炸和火灾,以实现安全生产。     

Truth and Justice, Inquiry and Advocacy, Science and Law

Abstract. There is tension between the adversarialism of the U.S. legal culture and the investigative procedures of the sciences, and between the law's concern for finality and the open‐ended fallibilism of science. A long history of attempts to domesticate scientific testimony by legal rules of admissibility has left federal judges with broad screening responsibilities; recent adaptations of adversarialism in the form of court‐appointed experts have been criticized as “inquisitorial,” even “undemocratic.” In exploring their benefits and disadvantages, it would make sense to look to the experience of other legal systems.