图形推理研究

对于人类的智能而言,抽象推理和形象推理缺一不可,而图形推理是形象推理非常重要的形式。积极、深入地开展图形推理规律的研究,对于揭示人类智能的本质、进一步开发人类的智力潜能具有非常重要的理论意义。图形推理是以推理为主、其他思维方式为辅的综合性思维过程;图形推理的有效性既考虑图形在空间形式结构上的联系,又考虑图形与图形之间内容上的联系;图形推理的结论有些是确定的,有些是不确定的,图形推理培养的是发散型思维。图形推理可以分为必然型和或然型、确定型和不确定型、直指型和意谓型、平面型和立体型等多种不同的推理形式。图形推理具有重要的创新功能。     

Mixed equilibriums in a three-candidate spatial model with candidate valence

We study a spatial model of electoral competition among three office-motivated candidates of unequal valence (one advantaged and two equally disadvantaged candidates) under majority rule assuming that candidates are uncertain about the voters’ policy preferences and that the policy space consists of three alternatives (one at each extreme of the linear policy spectrum and one in the center) and we characterize mixed strategy Nash equilibriums of the game. Counterintuitively, we show that (a) when uncertainty about voters’ preferences is high, the advantaged candidate might choose in equilibrium a more extremist strategy than the disadvantaged candidates and that (b) when uncertainty about voters’ preferences is low, there exist equilibriums in which one of the disadvantaged candidates has a larger probability of election than the disadvantaged candidate of the equivalent two-candidate (one advantaged and one disadvantaged candidate) case.     

Acid Rain Policymaking and Environmental Federalism: Recent Developments, Future Prospects

Acid rain controls are one of the more salient policy issuesfor contemporary environmental federalism. Agenda prominence,however, does not guarantee agreement on the components of aregulatory program. Depending on how many tons of emissionsreduction one wants, when one wants them, and how one permitsemitters to achieve compliance, a control program's costs canvary by billions of dollars annually. This article providesa summary of significant state and national policy initiativesas well as an examination of the barriers and incentives forsuch action.     

A comparison of cumulative voting and generalized plurality voting

In market based societies consumers are able to express the intensity of their preference for an object by paying more for it. However, under some voting systems, consumers are unable to express the intensity of their preference for a candidate due to the constraint of the “one person, one vote” principle. Cumulative voting maintains the equality of the “one person, one vote” principle by allotting each voter the same number of votes, while also allowing for expression of intensity of candidate preference. This paper provides an experimental analysis of voter behavior under different voting systems.     

Is governance democratic?

This paper argues that governance can engender undemocratic inequality, exclusion and populism. It does so by analysing the concept of governance, and unearthing three theoretical justifications for it: one libertarian, one radical and one republican. These justifications are in turn refuted by showing how they respectively undermine a process-view of democracy, neglect structural avenues for accountability and encourage elites to wield power.     

东方哲学智慧与辩证法的新规律——谈“分合互动律”

黑格尔的欧式辩证法,侧重"分",即从"一分为二"的角度去说明矛盾存在于事物内部,并且是发展的动力。而中国哲学侧重"合",从"合二为一"的角度说明矛盾的性质及认识的规律。如果把矛盾的"分"与"合"、"一分为二"与"合二为一"结合起来,则可以在矛盾规律的本体论与认识论方面达到更高的境界。这就是"分合互动律"的含义。     

The Implementation of Diagnosis Consultant （Sindanshi） Method in the Cluster of Food SMEs

This study is carried out to identify the main problem dealing with cluster of food SMEs （small and medium enterprises） in Kota Batu, the Province of East Java, and to determine the alternative of solution. This study uses the eight-step method （of eight steps） in the quality improvement （also called the PDCA--Plan-Do-Check-Action cycle） and the method of diagnosis consultant （shindanshi）. The diagnosis scope of analysis covers（ed）： the SWOT （Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threats） analysis, the 5S＇s analysis, marketing management, operational analysis, production process analysis, layout, quality of product, material and purchasing control, finance analysis, problem solution and recommendation. The cluster of food SMEs in Kota Batu has the following problems： equipment, layout, marketing, raw material, production process, capitalization, quality, distribution, human resources, and packaging. Therefore, the suggestions for the improvement are： Helping the SMEs makes the financial report monthly; socializing the standard quality of process and product based on SNI （Standar Nasional Indonesia）; socializing the management of barcode; evaluating the condition of available layout regarding waste that happened and improving it.     

Intraparty Hostility: Social Identity,Subidentity, and the Hostile Media Effect in a Contested Primary

The hostile media effect (HME) has generally been tested in terms of in-groups and out-groups, with a “neutral” story in between. This ignores the nature of many social groups as comprising subgroups, often but not always sharing feelings of connectedness and purpose. In cases when bounded subgroups are at odds with one another, HME provides little guidance. A contested partisan primary provides such a case. This study takes identity centrality, candidate favorability, and perceived social network homogeneity as measures of partisanship and involvement, hypothesizing relationships between each and perceived bias against one’s candidate and party. Findings show that markers of candidate-focused social identity predict greater perceived bias against one’s candidate during the 2016 primary season, while party-focused identity fails to predict perceived bias against one’s party. This suggests that candidate support identity overrides plain partisanship during primaries, supporting concern that a heated primary might damage general election party unity. Subsequent postconvention findings suggest that the salience of candidate-focused identity fades, while homogeneity of one’s network regarding party support helps to make perceived hostility toward one’s party identity more salient. However, as campaigns become more candidate-centered, the contestation between nested candidate and party identities may grow fiercer.     

探析艺术类大学生的教学管理

艺术类学生的教学管理工作一直是高等教育管理中的难点问题。本文从探讨艺术类大学生的特点入手,分析其成因,提出面对这些现实问题,艺术教学一线的工作者应做好三个方面的工作,即以学生的专业学习为中心,做到管理与教学互动;以服务学生为准则,尊重学生个性,把握学生思想动态;加强学生艺术实践锻炼,在实践中提高学生素质。     

What Is Political Science? What Should It Be?

This paper examines the five myths that govern political science: that it studies politics; that it is scientific; that one can study politics cut off from the other social sciences and history; that the state is neutral; and that the bulk of the work in the discipline furthers the cause of democracy. Within political science, there have been three main approaches to criticizing these myths: a moderate one that treats the elements in these myths as more or less disconnected; a radical one that sees a systemic connection between these elements; and a Marxist one that names this system "Capitalism" and privileges the role of the capitalist state in explaining both politics and political science.     

Gordon Tullock and Public Choice

Gordon Tullock is one of the founders of the field of public choice, of the Public Choice Society, and of the Public Choice Center. He is a coauthor with James M. Buchanan of one of the true classics in the public choice field—The Calculus of Consent. He has been one of the field’s most prolific scholars, with his research spanning virtually all dimensions of the public choice field. This article surveys his major contributions.     

Institutional Agonism: Axel Honneth’s Radical Democracy*

Axel Honneth may be criticised for reducing political philosophy to moral psychology. In what follows, I argue that if his theory of recognition is reframed as one of democracy, quite another picture will appear. To do this, I systematically reconstruct Honneth’s stance as a multidimensional version of radical democracy. The question I discuss is the manner in which this framework combines the three dimensions of democratic deliberation, culture, and conflict. I then discuss Honneth’s picture from both a deliberative and agonistic viewpoint. How one understands the way in which he combines the abovementioned dimensions is dependent upon which one of these two approaches one may choose. I claim that when taken together, these three dimensions form the grounding of a radical-democratic understanding of a struggle for recognition, which I term institutional agonism.     

Tax systems and tax shares

Public Choice - How can one use the results derived in Sections 3 and 4? The type of use one can make in theoretical voting analysis was suggested in Section 4 already. Comparative statics results...     

哼鸣与艺术性歌唱初探

哼鸣练习是获取鼻腔共鸣、头腔共鸣及声音高位安放的有效途径之一,也是引导学生掌握正确声音概念的最好方法。本文介绍了什么是哼鸣,以及哼鸣练习的方法和手段,强调了哼鸣在声乐训练中的重要作用。     

Some limitations of the groves-ledyard optimal mechanism

Public Choice - The tax rule suggested by Groves and Ledyard is certainly an ingenious one, although there is no indication as to how one might fall upon that specific scheme. If offers Pareto...     

布拉格之春述评

布拉格之春是捷克斯洛伐克从本国的实际条件出发,致力于建设一个新的、民主的、符合捷克斯洛伐克条件的社会主义改革之路。它标志着社会主义国家第二次改革高潮达到顶峰;但却在苏联的武力下夭折了。尽管如此,"布拉格之春"还是顺应了历史发展的潮流,对我国的社会主义建设具有重要的启示。     

Presidential and Congressional Vote-Share Equations

Three vote-share equations are estimated and analyzed in this article, one for presidential elections, one for on-term House elections, and one for midterm House elections. The sample period is 1916–2006. Considering the three equations together allows one to test whether the same economic variables affect each and to examine various serial correlation and coattail possibilities. The main conclusions are (1) there is strong evidence that the economy affects all three vote shares and in remarkably similar ways; (2) there is no evidence of any presidential coattail effects on the on-term House elections; (3) there is positive serial correlation in the House vote, which likely reflects a positive incumbency effect for elected representatives; and (4) the presidential vote share has a negative effect on the next midterm House vote share, which is likely explained by a balance argument.     

Lobbying and Concessions: Comparing Nash to Stackelberg Games

We analyze how the standardresults in lobbying theory change when one side has asecond instrument at its disposal. We look at theeffect concessions by one side have on the outcome ina Nash and a Stackelberg game.     

关于刑事公诉案件被害人上诉权的思考

加强对被害人的诉讼权利保障已成为现代刑事诉讼发展的重要趋势之一,而上诉权是维护被害人利益的一项重要权利。我国现行刑事诉讼法虽然加强了对公诉案件被害人的权益保障,赋予其当事人的诉讼地位和一些诉讼权利,但并未赋予其作为当事人最为重要的一项诉讼权利——上诉权,从而影响了被害人诉讼权利的充分行使和合法权益的有效保障。     

成圣与万物一体——王阳明一生中的终极价值理想

综观王阳明一生的学思历程，“万物一体”思想贯穿于阳明一生，是阳明致良知说的核心思想。阳明一生都在努力追求实现“成圣”和万物一雄的终极价值理想。阳明万物一体思想的提出和展开，是为了解决“成圣”的基本问题。阳明成圣的终极价值追求，最终归向的是万物一体的圆融境界。