Macro Implementation: Testing the Causal Paths from U.S. Macro Policy to Federal Incarceration

Policy implementation is usually studied at the micro level by testing the short‐term effects of a specific policy on the behavior of government actors and policy outcomes. This study adopts an alternative approach by examining macro implementation—the cumulative effect of aggregate public policies over time. I employ a variety of methodological techniques to test the influence of macro criminal justice policy on new admissions to federal prison via three mediators: case filings by federal prosecutors, conviction rates in federal district courts, and plea bargaining behavior. I find that cumulative Supreme Court rulings influence the incarceration rate by altering conviction rates in district courts; however, I find only mixed evidence of congressional and presidential influence. The results suggest that U.S. macro policy influences bureaucratic outputs by altering the behavior of subordinate policy implementers; however, the Supreme Court may enjoy an advantage in shaping criminal justice policy.     

Plea bargaining and the decision to go to trial: The application of a rational choice model

What factors determine the plea bargain which prosecutors will offer defendants? What factors determine whether or not a defendant will demand a trial? The former question is relevant to our assessment of the fairness of plea bargaining; the latter question is relevant to prosecution management. Landes provides an economic model of the criminal courts which suggests answers to these questions. While several researchers have provided empirical analysis at least consistent with the Landes model, there has been no test of the model's power for predicting individual case decisions. After providing a derivation of a rational choice model similar to that of Landes but incorporating organizational considerations, the empirical validity of the model is tested using individual case data. Major predictions, including the structural form of the plea bargain offer equation, are validated. Other findings, which do not validate the model's predictions, are discussed in terms of the organizational incentive structure facing assistant prosecutors. A discussion of the application of the model to aid in prosecution management is presented, including an indication of the importance of looking at the distribution of prediction errors as well as the overall rate of prediction error. Finally, comments are made concerning the use of econometrics in an organizational context.     

加强责任区刑警队规范化建设的思考

责任区刑警队是公安机关一线战斗实体,是侦查破案的专业队伍。铁路公安机关以“三基一化”建设为契机,贯彻“警力下沉、充实基层”的精神,进一步深化刑侦体制改革。加强责任区刑警队建设,健全完善管理体制,打牢刑侦工作基础,努力提升综合素质,充分发挥职能作用,全力推进刑侦工作专业化、规范化建设,把铁路公安机关刑侦工作推上一个新的台阶。     

论我国增设袭警罪的理论依据与立法构想

袭警,作为一种严重侵犯警察人身权利的行为,不但是对社会公共秩序的粗暴践踏,更是对国家和法律权威的蔑视与亵渎。如果这种行为得不到必要的、应有的惩罚,那么法律的权威和社会公众的安全感也将荡然无存。因此,在刑法中增设袭警罪,对重塑警察权威、威慑不法行为和增强社会公众的安全感无疑将起到举足重轻的作用。     

浅议刑警语言与问讯艺术

刑警语言是侦查人员用以与犯罪嫌疑人及其他人员交往、传递信息、交流思想并受刑侦工作制约的专门语言。重视对刑警访谈能力和讯问艺术的训练，强化刑警语言交际能力的培养，是提高刑警执法水平和办案技能的当务之急，是新时期刑警专业素质建设的重要课题，是提升刑警队伍侦查破案水平和战斗力的必然要求，是解决“说不过，追不上，打不赢”问题的迫切需要。     

刑事科学技术在侦破列车旅财案件中的应用

列车旅财案件是铁路公安机关管辖的多发案件。长期以来,由于认识上的误区导致刑事科学技术在列车旅财案件中发挥的作用较小,造成案件破获后的起诉率较低。只有加强铁路公安一线基层所队刑事技术工作的硬件和软件建设,以站保车,才能发挥刑事技术在侦破列车旅财案件中的证据作用,提高公安机关打击此类犯罪的效率。     

公安院校刑事技术专业课程的优化设置

基于公安院校刑事技术专业课程设置的现状,分析归纳刑事技术专业各门专业课课程的内在联系,结合刑事技术工作岗位的要求,提出公安院校刑事技术专业课优化设置的基本思路和建议。     

Peacekeepers against Criminal Violence—Unintended Effects of Peacekeeping Operations?

Research shows that peacekeepers reduce conflict intensity; however, effects of deployment on nonpolitical violence are unknown. This article focuses on criminal violence and proposes a twofold mechanism to explain why peacekeeping missions, even when effectively reducing conflict, can inadvertently increase criminal violence. First, less conflict opens up economic opportunities (so‐called peacekeeping economies) and provides operational security for organized crime, thus increasing violent competition among criminal groups. Second, demobilized combatants are vulnerable to turn to crime because of limited legal livelihood opportunities and their training in warfare. While UN troops may exacerbate these dynamics, UN police's peculiar role is likely to successfully contain criminal violence. Cross‐national and subnational empirical analyses show that large UN military deployments result in higher homicide rates, whereas UN police, overall, moderate this collateral effect.     

论铁路刑事案件的分类与特点

铁路刑事案件是指铁路公安机关管辖范围内的各种犯罪构成。铁路刑事案件的分类标准是复合性多层级的，通常包括发生犯罪行为的具体场所、案件性质、作案手法、被侵害对象等。研究铁路刑事案件的分类标准及铁路刑事案件的分类，有助于更好地认识和把握与铁路有关的犯罪活动的规律和特点，为铁路刑事案件研究及侦查学研究提供帮助，以便更加有效地预防和打击涉及铁路犯罪。     

The effect of the election of prosecutors on criminal trials

We examine whether elections of public prosecutors influence the mix of cases taken to trial versus plea bargained. A theoretical model is constructed wherein voters use outcomes of the criminal justice system as a signal of prosecutors’ quality, leading to a distortion in the mix of cases taken to trial. Using data from North Carolina we test whether reelection pressures lead to (a) an increase in the number and proportion of convictions from jury trials and (b) a decrease in the average sanction obtained in both jury trials and pleas. Our empirical findings are consistent with our theoretical predictions.     

关于铁路犯罪现场勘查课程建设的调查与思考

铁路犯罪现场勘查课是铁路公安院校专业特色课程建设的重要内容之一。目前铁路公安实战 单位与犯罪现场勘查工作有关的情况,主要表现在以下几个方面:一是各铁路公安局、处技术力量不均衡,二 是犯罪现场勘查设备有了一定的更新,三是对犯罪信息的重视程度有了明显的提高,四是铁路犯罪现场状况 有了新的改变,五是铁路犯罪现场构成具有鲜明特色。加强铁路犯罪现场勘查课程的研究,在深入探讨铁路 犯罪现场的特定构成,为铁路公安实际勘查操作提供切实可行的程序、方法,建立铁路犯罪现场勘查的理论 体系,促进铁路刑事案件查破工作水平的提升等方面都具有非常重要的意义。     

International migration and the role of institutions

We study the determinants of international migration with special attention to the role of institutional factors other than economic and demographic fundamentals. We evaluate the impact of political institutions and of those institutions specifically targeted at attracting migrants. For a dataset on 19th century migration, we find that economic and demographic differentials play a major role, but that the quality of institutions also matter. We produce evidence that both political and migration institutions represent significant factors of attraction, even after controlling for their potential endogeneity through a set of instruments exploiting colonial history and the institutions inherited from the past.     

我国警察圈套辩护理由及其完善——以美国警察圈套辩护理由为借鉴

美国刑法上的警察圈套是一种合法的辩护理由,被告人如果因为警察的诱惑行为而实施了犯罪,可以以此进行辩护。美国刑法上警察圈套构成要件有主体、行为和主观三个条件,并有其一套认定标准。根据美国关于警察圈套的有关规定,我国刑事法上的警察圈套的完善应当包括明文规定刑事责任,明确警察辩护理由的适用标准,以及在司法上规定侦查人员应该出庭接受质证,在立法上确立有限度的警察圈套无罪辩护制度。     

警风构成论

了解警风的构成要素对于认识警风及其发展具有重要意义。警风是由警察认识、警察价值观、警察行为方式诸要素构成的一个有机整体。警察认识是多样化的、多层次的,既有日常感知层面的认识,也有抽象理论层面的认识,它是警风的依存基础。警察价值观是警察组织生存的基点和灵魂,是警察善恶是非判断的标准,是警察群体对所认同的目标持续一贯的追求,主导着警察制度的性质和方向,决定着警察的行为方式,它是警风的内在灵魂,在深层次上制约着警风的形成与发展。警察行为方式是警风的外显机制,是警察认识和警察价值观的外化,它包括交流、合作和冲突等。     

以指纹工作站为切入点寻找刑事技术新的增长点——铁路公安处对基层指纹工作站日常管理工作的探索与实践

近几年来指纹自动识别系统迅速在全国推广应用,并在实际工作中发挥了明显的破案效益.如何使基层的指纹远程比对工作站发挥作用,为铁路公安日常工作增添新的活力,并和查堵追逃等工作紧密结合起来,提高查堵追逃工作的水平和效率,这是新形势下我们铁路公安刑事技术部门面临的重大课题,也是必须认真思考的迫切问题.     

Gender,actors, and institutions at the local level: Explaining variation in policies to address violence against women and girls

Research on gender equality policy has generally focused on actors and institutions at the national and international levels. This article considers the role of local‐level actors and institutions in explaining different policy responses to violence against women and girls (VAWG). The literature on gender policy trajectories identifies the particular importance of executive actors in influencing “status policies” like VAWG. Quantitative data are analyzed to show how local Police and Crime Commissioners in England and Wales have responded to demands for policy action. The focus is on the interaction between the 41 elected commissioners and the new institutional arrangements for police governance introduced in 2012. The article shows that variation in policy outcomes is related (a) to the gender of executive actors and (b) to the way in which actors interpret elements of the institutional framework, regardless of their own gender.     

Car Stereos and the Criminal Sanction: The Dangers of Too Much Social Control

Noise pollution is an ongoing problem in American cities, and car stereos are a major reason why large numbers of people are unhappy. Citizens are demanding regulation of “boom cars” and the typical policy response is to use the criminal sanction. The behavior is annoying, but hardly morally opprobrious. Despite the best intentions of those who propose such laws, they are potentially a bigger danger to civil liberties than the behavior that they purport to regulate. The enforcement of such laws does little to curb the behavior in question, but may function as a content-based regulation of certain types of music, provides opportunities for racial profiling, and may harm the legitimacy of the government thus reducing its ability to use its police power in areas which are more appropriate for the use of that power.     

A Preliminary Assessment of Water Institutions in India: An Institutional Design Perspective

Water institutions in India play a crucial role in managing scarce water resources and are central to economic development and poverty alleviation. Designing appropriate institutional mechanisms to allocate scarce water and river flows has been an enormous challenge due to the complex legal, constitutional, and social issues involved. The Indian water sector has been grappling with poor performance and deterioration of public (canal and tank) irrigation systems, high extraction levels of groundwater, and related economic and environmental problems. The objective of this article is to carry out a preliminary assessment of institutional mechanisms available to manage water resources in India. The article surveys various formal and informal institutional arrangements that are used at present and their design features in order to identify those institutions related to superior performance. The analysis indicates that crafting “winning institutions” and the policy frameworks to strengthen them should take into account not only the proven criteria of institutional design but also the changing socioeconomic, political, and cultural factors.     

派出所侦查权的历史演变及原因分析

不同的历史时期,关于派出所是否具有侦查权以及其所具有的侦查权的范围的规定是不同的。这与当时的社会历史条件、公安机关所面临的任务等具有密切的关系,立法者和决策者需要及时变更并不断完善相应的法律法规,使之能够适应客观环境的变化。研究派出所侦查权的历史演变及其原因对于理顺所队关系、完善刑侦体制等都具有重要的意义。     

我国刑事诉讼中公检法三机关互相关系原则之考察

公检法三机关互相关系原则是我国宪法层面的刑事诉讼基本原则,在刑事诉讼实践中的作用不可低估。但该原则也存在着一些不科学性和缺失,主要表现在互相配合与实现刑事司法公正价值机制相冲突,妨碍人民法院在刑事司法中的中立性和独立地位;互相制约没有明显的主次之分,过于强调“平分秋色”而忽略了“递进制约”关系,抑制了检察、审判职能的发挥。对此,有必要予以科学的分析,并给予规范和整合。