中国刑法语境中的“共谋罪”考辨

共谋罪是英美刑法特有的概念。共谋罪的本质是二人以上就犯罪、不法行为或其他行为的实施达成协议。惩罚共谋罪本质是惩罚不法协议。围绕“共谋罪独立于目标犯罪而具有可罚性”的基础性观念,英美刑法创设了相应的实体法和程序法规则。我国刑法中的阴谋犯、预备犯等与英美刑法共谋罪从根本上说是不同的范畴。我国刑法并不惩罚共谋罪。     

有组织犯罪的几个理论问题

有组织犯罪的研究是当今学界的热门话题。探讨有组织犯罪的概念和特征十分重要。目前我国有组织犯罪的立法尚需完善 ,刑法总则应当明确规定有组织犯罪的总体概念、外延及其类型 ,增设黑社会组织犯罪的法条 ,行刑制度中应增设对有组织犯罪首要分子判处1 0年有期徒刑以上的 ,不得适用假释的规定 ,刑法分则应提高有组织犯罪的法定刑 ,增设对有组织犯罪财产刑的适用并加大财产刑的处罚力度 ,增加对参加有组织犯罪的国家机关工作人员从重处罚的规定。     

扒窃人罪：反思与限定

扒窃入罪，不受数额与次数的限制，会模糊行政罚与刑事罚的界限，导致选择性执法，有损司法的公正与权威，因而有必要予以限制。但书规定是限制扒窃入罪的法律根据，可罚的违法性理论是界分行政罚与刑事罚的基本理念。只有达到盗窃罪构成要件的类型化的违法性的最低标准，满足盗窃罪的违法性的“质”与“量”，才不属于“情节显著轻微危害不大的”扒窃行为，方可入罪。     

抽象危险犯的概念及正当性基础

从形式上,抽象危险犯既可表现为行为犯,也可为结果犯.抽象危险是一种拟制的危险,一般不需要进行具体的危险判断.抽象危险犯的构成要件设置是一种保护法益前置的措施,在风险社会下,具有合理性.但是,抽象危险犯的处罚与罪责原则间存在紧张关系,有必要限缩处罚范围.     

有组织犯罪刑罚之比较研究--兼论我国刑法关于有组织犯罪刑罚规定的完善

有组织犯罪目前已成为各国普遍关注的热点问题.本文通过对各国关于有组织犯罪刑罚的具体规定比较,建议我国刑法对有组织犯罪的刑罚规定从以下几方面予以完善:扩大财产刑的适用范围;增加规定其他附加刑;并且,对有组织犯罪的犯罪分子在刑罚执行过程中应予以一定的限制,以贯彻对有组织犯罪从严打击的刑事政策.     

结果加重犯的本然、实然和应然

从本然角度看,结果加重犯是结果责任的产物;从实然角度看,虽然近代刑法对结果加重犯要求行为人对重结果最低具有预见可能性,贯彻了责任主义原则。但是,仍然存在着刑罚过重、有违罪责刑相应原则之嫌,特别是在我国,结果加重犯的立法存在数量较多、形式特征不明显、加重结果的内容缺乏限定等缺陷。为此,必须在应然层面上,寻找出确立结果加重犯应遵循的若干原则,并在这些原则的指导下,厘清结果加重犯的范围。     

黑社会性质组织犯罪的立法完善

《刑法修正案(八)》对黑社会性质组织犯罪做了重大修改,对黑社会性质组织犯罪(即"反黑三罪")以及与黑社会性质组织相关的强迫交易罪、寻衅滋事罪、敲诈勒索罪等罪名进行了立法完善,这对于加大打击黑社会组织犯罪力度,完善刑罚措施起了重要作用。     

贪污罪立法若干问题思考(上)

现行的贪污罪立法为惩治贪污犯罪提供了重要的法律依据.但随着社会经济政治与司法实践的发展变化,有必要对贪污罪的立法加以审视.结合2003年的《联合国反腐败公约》,对贪污罪的体系定位与罪状等问题进行探讨.     

抢劫罪既遂与未遂区分标准新探

如何区分抢劫罪的既遂与未遂,历来存在争议,尤其是1997年刑法典实施后,针对八种加重抢劫情节是否存在未遂问题,刑法理论更是聚讼不一。抢劫罪既遂与未遂的争议应立足于法益保护,立法者制定任何一条罪刑规范都有其欲意要保护的法益,只有当这一保护的法益受到侵害时,才成立犯罪既遂。据此,普通抢劫罪和加重抢劫罪除抢劫数额巨大、多次抢劫外,抢劫罪既遂与未遂的区分应以被害人是否失去对财物的控制为判断标准。     

DETERRENCE Theory versus Practice

Abstract Recently, some researchers have attempted to resurrect deterrence theory. These researchers have focused on the relationship between certainty and severity of punishment and subsequent rates of crime. An inverse relationship has been found, leading these researchers to conclude that penal sanctions deter crime. This paper presents another hypothesis, namely, that increases in crime may overburden existing legal machinery, and thus cause decreases in the certainty of punishment as a result. Using the same data employed in past deterrence studies, this paper demonstrates that crime may affect certainty of punishment more strongly than certainty of punishment affects the crime rate, a finding which seriously questions the ability of legal threats as currently administered in American society to deter crime.     

The untouchables: transnational organized crime behind diplomatic privileges and immunities

Since its initiation in 1961, 187 nations have signed the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, thus agreeing to a standard set of principles regulating the diplomatic intercourse. In recent years, cases of offence with the involvement of diplomatic agents have brought diplomatic advantages to sharp criticism. This article is not concerned with violations of administrative rules such as traffic offence. Neither does it is concerned with single occurrences of violence committed by diplomatic agents. The main focus is to investigate various types of abuse of diplomatic immunities and privileges for the purpose of organizing, facilitating and conducting criminal activities that have become recognized as transnational organized crime. The findings of the article shed light to a wider understanding of diplomatic entitlements that may serve as facilitators of transnational organized crime.     

An economic analysis of the post World War II decline in the Japanese crime rate

Since the end of World War II there has been a dramatic decrease in reported Japanese crime. Adult arrest rates have fallen steadily since the early 1950s and juvenile arrest rates have fallen since the early 1960s. An economic analysis of crime predicts that crime rates depend upon returns to crime relative to returns in legal pursuits and the certainty and severity of punishment. Regression analysis is used to test this theory using Japanese data. The empirical results indicate that the economic model does not outperform alternative naive models. However, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that increases in returns to legitimate work diminish both adult and juvenile crime. Unemployment affects some adult crimes but has little impact on juvenile crime. The share of the population in poverty has no significant impact on either type of crime. Increases in the certainty of punishment deters adult crime but there is little evidence that increases in either the certainty or the severity of punishment deter juvenile crime. There is weak evidence to support the hypothesis that increases in the severity of adult punishments deter crime.     

共犯与身份问题研究——以职务犯罪为视角

刑法上的身份,在我国刑法学中属于特殊的主体问题。我国刑法总则中并无身份之专门规定,刑法理论对身份之理解也没有达成基本共识,尤其是身份与共同犯罪联系起来时显得更为复杂。本文在探讨了身份和共犯的基本内涵的基础上,对共犯与身份关系进行了辨正。在定罪关系方面,认为在两种纯正身份犯互相加功而实施共同犯罪的情况下,全案要反映共同犯罪的性质,确定一个合适的罪名,而不能分别定罪,在一般情况下应根据为主的职权行为来认定;在两种职权行为分不清主次的情况下,应采取就低不就高的原则来认定共同犯罪的性质。在量刑关系方面,解决的原则应是“同罪异罚”。“为主职权行为决定说”既符合哲学关于矛盾的主要方面决定事物性质的基本原理,又能体现公平、公正的基本要求。     

Rational cops,rational robbers,and information

The effectiveness of punishment as a deterrent to crime is commonly held to be a function of the severity and certainty of sanctions. The negative association found between crime rates and lagged clearance rates, which previously has been interpreted as a deterrence effect, is shown in this analysis to be largely an artifact of a misspecified measurement procedure. A more plausible hypothesis that police decision makers are informed and thus respond to changes in crime by allocating resources and making more arrests is supported by evidence from St. Louis data.     

被害人有过错的故意杀人罪的死刑裁量研究——从被害与加害的关系切入

故意杀人罪是最典型的有被害人的犯罪。被害人加害在先引起他人加害 ,或被害人激化矛盾引起他人加害属于被害人有过错的故意杀人罪。在故意杀人罪死刑裁量中 ,被害人的过错是酌定从轻处罚情节。司法解释确立了“被害人一方有明显过错或对矛盾激化负有直接责任的故意杀人罪 ,一般不应判处死刑立即执行”的规则 ,但在司法实践中对被告人量刑时往往不予考虑。为了减少和限制故意杀人罪的死刑适用 ,在立法上有必要将被害人的过错这一酌定情节法定化。     

传播性病罪的立法缺陷及其完善

目前,我国《刑法》中的传播性病罪存在罪名不准确、内容不明确、处罚不合理、规定不科学等缺陷,这些问题的存在,不仅造成了理论界对该罪的争议,更导致了司法实践上的不统一,因此,需要更改罪名,明确内容,增加情节和结果加重犯,扩大传播性病方式,设立传播艾滋病罪。     

共犯论中的直接—间接模式之批判——兼及共犯论的方法论基础

构成要件论、法益论与规范论均认为,应将全体共同犯罪人区分为直接者与间接者。该模式符合直观的认识观念和朴素的正义情感,契合教义学中的存在论倾向和物本逻辑,因此对共犯论产生了持久而深远的影响。但是,直接——间接模式不仅与刑法教义学中的间接正犯、共同正犯、义务犯和未遂犯等理论冲突不断,还间接催生了共犯论中的诸多极端观点,阻碍了归责理念在共犯论中的贯彻,并抵制着共犯论方法论基础的更新。摒弃潜在影响了共犯论数百年之久的直接——间接模式,彻底走出存在论的迷思,也许是从共犯论困局中脱身的必由之路。     

论影响职务过失犯罪刑事责任程度的因素

职务过失犯罪刑事责任的程度,是确定职务过失犯罪主体刑事处罚轻重不可缺少的方面。职务 过失犯罪主体的职权所内涵的注意义务要求的不同、相关心理内容所反映的主观恶性的不同、行 为违反规范的数量的多少及犯罪结果的严重程度是影响职务过失犯罪刑事责任程度的因素。     

Is overpunishment fairer than underpunishment? Perceptions of deviations from equity

Abstract

Three studies are presented which test hypotheses derived from Equity Theory, Prospect Theory and the principle of Diminishing Marginal Value with regard to preferences for overpunishment and underpunishment in the assignment of penalties to offences of varying severity. The first two studies showed that, with different subject samples, offences, and kinds of punishments, subjects indicated a marked preference for over-punishment rather than underpunishment, when both over punishment and under-punishment deviated from ideal, or equitable, punishment to the same degree. However, the effect was only apparent for serious offences. A third study showed that the overpunishment preference for a serious offence existed even when the overpunishment deviated 30% more from ideal punishment than underpunishment, but again no preference was shown' for the less serious offence. As the results cannot be readily explained in terms of any of the three explanatory principles, a possible explanation in terms of concept of negative reciprocity is advanced.     

Do perceptions of punishment vary between white-collar and street crimes?

Much has been learned about the relationship between sanction threat perceptions and criminal activity, yet little remains known about the factors that are associated with sanction threat perceptions. Moreover, because most researchers had studied deterrence within the context of street crime, even less is known about the factors that relate to sanction threat perceptions for white-collar crime. This study used data from a national probability sample to examine whether the determinants of perceived sanction certainty and severity for street crime were different from white-collar crime. Using robbery and fraud as two exemplars, the findings indicated that while public perceptions of sanction certainty and severity suggested that street criminals were more likely to be caught and be sentenced to more severe sanctions than white-collar criminals, respondent's perceptions of which type of crime should be more severely punished indicated that both robbery and fraud were equally likely to be perceived ‘on par.’ Additional results indicated that the correlates of certainty and severity were more similar than different, but that the results differed according to whether respondents were asked about the punishment that white-collar offenders were likely to receive as opposed to what they should receive.