REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Real Property and Real People . By K. J. Gray and P. D. Symes . Enacting a Bill of Rights : The Legal Problems . By Joseph Jaconelli . Property in Social Continuity : Continuity and Change in the Maintenance of Property Relationships through Time in Minangkabau , West Sumatra . By Franz von Benda -Beckmann . Disputes and Negotiations : A Cross -Cultural Perspective . By P. H. Gulliver Cases and Materials on Corporations and Associations . By A. Afterman and R. Baxt Company Law : Cases , Notes and Materials . By E. E. Palmer , D. D. Prentice and B. L. Welling Law and Social Control . Edited by Eugene Kamenka and Alice Erh -Soon Tay . A History of English Prison Administration . Vol. I 1750–1877. By Sean Mc Conville . Sales and Sales Financing in Canada : Cases and Materials . By M. G. Bridge and F. H. Buckley .     

Reviews

Natural Law and Natural Rights. By John Finnis. Legal Philosophies. By J. W. Harris. The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court. By Bob Woodward and Scott Armstrong Legislation and Society in Australia. Edited by R. Tomasic. Access to Law: Second Seminar on Australian Lawyers and Social Change. Edited by J. Goldring and others. Psychology, Law and Legal Processes. By Farrington, Hawkins and Lloyd-Bostock. A Practical Introduction to European Community Law. By Richard Plender. Emden's Building Contracts and Practice. Eighth edition. By S. Bickford-Smith and F. Freeth. Privacy and Government Data Banks: an International Perspective. By David H. Flaherty. Cases and Materials on the Irish Constitution. By James O'Reilly and Mary Redmond. Butterworths Law of Food and Drugs. Editor A. A. Painter. Law and Psychological Practice. By Robert L. Schwitzgebel and R. Kirkland Schwitzgebel. Plea-Bargaining. Edited by William F. McDonald and James A. Cramer. The Framework of Criminal Justice. By Michael King.     

What drones inherit from their ancestors

Any specific technology derives attributes from the generic technologies of which it is an instance. A drone is a flying computer. It is dependent on local data communications from its onboard sensors and to its onboard effectors, and on telecommunications links over which it receives data-feeds and command-feeds from terrestrial and perhaps airborne sources and from satellites. A drone acts on the world, and is therefore a robot. The remote pilots, and the operators of drone facilities such as cameras, depend on high-tech tools that interpret data that display transmitted, enhanced and generated image and video, and that enable the composition of commands. So drone operators are already cyborgs. Many drones carry cameras and are used for surveillance. Computing, data communications, robotics, cyborgisation and surveillance offer power and possibilities, but with them come disbenefits and risks. Critical literatures exist in relation to all of those areas. An inspection of those literatures should provide insights into the limitations of drones, and the impacts and implications arising from their use.     

论邓小平关于接班人的思想

高度重视培养选拔接班人问题,努力造就大批德才兼备的优秀领导干部,是邓小平理论的重要组成部分。党的十一届三中全会以后,邓小平基于对党的干部队伍建设规律和经验教训的深刻认识,着眼党所面临的新的艰巨任务和党的干部队伍的实际状况,不仅反复强调和系统论述了培养选拔接班人的极端重要性与紧迫性,而且提出了培养选拔接班人的根本标准即“革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化”的基本思路,形成了关于接班人问题的完整思想,为我们党在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设条件下加强培养选拔接班人工作,为顺利推进中国特色社会主义的伟大事业提供坚强有力的组织保证指明了方向。     

A Two-Way Street for Alcohol Use and Partner Violence: Who’s Driving It?

Using lifetime data from two waves of the National Epidemiologic Surveys on Alcohol and Related Conditions, this study sought to examine sex- and race-specific risks in the temporal relationship between adult onset severe physical intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and alcohol misuse (binge drinking) and alcohol use disorders (abuse and dependence) and whether or not childhood trauma moderated these relationships among U.S. non-Hispanic White and Black women and men. IPV predicted most alcohol outcomes among White and Black women and White men. Conversely, binge drinking among White and Black women and alcohol abuse among Black women and men predicted IPV. Childhood trauma moderated the relationship between IPV and alcohol misuse mainly among Black respondents, with an increased risk of either outcome among those without childhood trauma. These findings suggest a reciprocal relationship between IPV victimization and alcohol misuse, with implications for sex- and race-specific prevention and intervention efforts.     

中国倡导国际关系民主化的重大战略意义

经济全球化和世界多极化发展，呼唤和催生国际关系民主化，同时，实现国际关系民主化也是当前大多数国家在国际关系中追求的价值取向。当前影响和平与发展的不确定因素依然存在，要从根本上解决这些问题必须通过实现国际关系民主化这一途径来加以解决。实现国际关系民主化目标是一个长期的渐进过程，应该从道义和舆论、双边或多边外交关系和国际制度建设三个层面加以推进。这一思想无论是在理论领域丰富和发展中国国际战略思想，还是在维护世界和平、促进发展、提高中国的国际地位、改善和发展我国的对外关系等实践中都具有非常重要的战略意义。     

人骨骼及牙齿DNA提取方法的比较和优化

目的人骨骼和牙齿DNA提取方法的比较和优化。方法收集18份不同个体的长骨、30颗磨牙和同一个体2根股骨、8颗磨牙。利用TissueLyser-Ⅱ组织破碎仪和PreFiler Express BTA^TM法医DNA提取试剂盒（BTA法）,应用Automate Express^TM自动化法医DNA提取系统提取DNA,进行STR分型,与脱钙法进行比较,并进行实验条件优化。结果用TissueLyser-Ⅱ结合BTA法,约2.5h即可完成骨骼和牙齿的DNA提取,分型成功率分别为94.4%和96.7%。与脱钙法比较,两种方法获得DNA质量浓度和检出率比较接近（P〈0.05）,但BTA法在操作过程方面更具优势。最佳样本量为100mg,消化时间为2h。结论采用TissueLyser-Ⅱ组织破碎仪结合BTA法对骨骼和牙齿进行DNA提取和分型检验,能满足实际检案的要求,可在法医学实践中选择使用。     

Do Work-Family Conflict and Resiliency Mediate Police Stress and Burnout: a Study of State Police Officers

Occupational stress and burnout have long been recognized as common hazards among police officers. The present study examines whether demographic characteristics and assignment affect police officers’ work-family conflict (WFC), resiliency, stress and burnout, and whether WFC and resiliency mediate the stress and burnout of police officers. The data were collected from a Mid-Atlantic state police agency in the United States of America through a web-based survey. Regression results revealed that minority officers tended to have lower levels of WFC and burnout and better educated officers reported lower degrees of WFC and stress. WFC was positively related to stress and burnout, while resilience was inversely linked to stress and burnout. The effects of race and education disappeared when WFC and resiliency entered the regression, suggesting that their impact was largely mediated by WFC and resiliency. Lastly, stress was found to be positively associated with burnout. Implications for research and policy are discussed.     

论“人肉搜索”立法的价值取向

“人肉搜索”是21世纪的新生事物，人们借助网络通过沟通和交流来查找与发布信息，网民之间相互帮助，探寻事实真相，必要时形成强大的社会舆论，支持与弘扬真善美，揭露和鞭挞假丑恶。这是互助与正义等伦理道德观念在网络时代的必然实践，不是任何力量所能阻止的。近年来的实践效果表明，其正面的社会作用和伦理价值远大于负面的因素和可能出现的不良影响。要充分相信广大网民整体上的道德素质和自律能力。如果对“人肉搜索”立法，就要有利于这一伟大实践的进行，并对其加以科学引导和合理规范，特别是强化网络服务提供者的责任，而不是限制这一实践的开展。     

Narrative identity and forensic psychology: A commentary on Youngs and Canter

Purpose. In this commentary, I will take a closer look at Youngs and Canter's (2011) paper on narrative roles in offending and examine the ideas underpinning their study and its methodology. Methods. I briefly overview some important theoretical ideas within the area of narrative research and highlight a number of unresolved and crucial issues. I then summarize the Youngs and Canter paper, concentrating on explicating its findings and identifying the major assumptions underpinning the study. Finally, I critically examine the paper in light of narrative research and theory. Result. There are three classes of problems evident in the paper, which map onto issues evident within the broader field of narrative theory and research. These problems are definitional vagueness, lack of clarity concerning the nature of the self and its relationship to narrative roles, and methodological problems involving reliability and validity. Conclusion. The Youngs and Canter paper makes an important contribution to the application of narrative theory to the forensic and correctional areas although there are some areas of weakness.     

Abuse behavior inventory: cutpoint, validity, and characterization of discrepancies

This study determines a clinical cutting score for the 29-item Abuse Behavior Inventory (ABI) developed by Shepard and Campbell (1992) to measure both physical and psychological abuse experiences. The authors report on a sample of 392 White and African American women from primary care waiting rooms, who completed the ABI and the revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2). An ABI cutoff score of 10 maximizes validity and produces a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 81% compared to the CTS2. Cronbach's alpha is .92 for the entire scale, .91 for the psychological subscale, and .86 for the physical subscale. Correlation between the ABI and CTS2 is .76, with subscale correlations of .74 between ABI psychological and CTS2 verbal aggression, and .71 between ABI physical and CTS2 physical aggression, injury, and sexual coercion.     

Attitudes towards personality disorders: Comparison between prison officers and psychiatric nurses

Objectives. This study investigates the effects of working with dangerous and severely personality disordered (DSPD) prisoners and patients on the attitudes, perceptions and beliefs of staff, which may be important therapeutic variables in the management and treatment of prisoners and patients. Method. The attitudes of prison officers working in a DSPD prison unit and psychiatric nurses working in high‐security psychiatric hospitals were compared using the Attitude to Personality Disorder Questionnaire (APDQ) and the Staff Attitude to Personality Disorder Interview (SAPDI). Results. Prison officers and nurses differed in their attitudes. Prison officers' attitudes were more positive than those of psychiatric nurses in all aspects of the APDQ. Prison officers indicated that they felt more liking for and interest in contact with personality disordered prisoners, less fear and helplessness, less anger, were more optimistic regarding treatment, and less frustrated. The SAPDI revealed that nurses expressed more concern about caring for and managing personality disordered patients, and felt more vulnerable and less accepting towards them. Prison officers conveyed more confidence in their own abilities and felt less vulnerable. Conclusion. Differences found in attitudes towards personality disordered prisoners/patients are discussed in terms of personal, environmental and experiential influences, and implications for DSPD services. Attitudes towards personality disordered prisoners/patients between nurses and officers differed. They are likely to be influenced by a combination of experience with personality disorder, organisational culture and personal characteristics.     

财产权二元体系新论——以排他性财产权与非排他性财产权的区分为视角

在财产权体系内,既有支配性和排他性兼具的物权、知识产权,也有支配性和排他性都不具备的财产权(如普通的合同债权),还有无支配性但有排他性的财产权(如经预告登记的债权)。财产权的性质不同,其构造技术也不相同。如果以"排他性与非排他性及与之相适应的权利构造技术"为区分要素,可将财产权分为排他性的财产权和非排他性的财产权。这种新的财产权二元体系的建构可以在保持与传统民法上物权、债权二元权利体系的传承性的同时,涵盖知识产权及其它财产权类型,并且有助于我们清晰地认识各种财产权的性质、效力以及与之相适应的权利构造特点和要求,从而有助于我们对各种财产权制度的构建和完善。     

Fifty Years After the 1967 Crime Commission Report

In the 50 years since the U.S. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice under President Johnson issued its report, feminist activism and both feminist and mainstream research have resulted in defining domestic violence (DV) as a social problem. This awareness of the seriousness and expansiveness of DV has spurred the development of unprecedented programs and policies. Although DV policing changes have been significant, so too have been the development of and changes in safehouses, no‐drop court policies, domestic violence courts, community‐coordinated responses, and batterer intervention programs. In this article, we review the nonpolice responses to DV cases and outcomes and provide recommendations. First, research and policies need to more regularly be aimed at addressing victims’ safety and their diverse needs and experiences. Second, assessments should include addressing the processing of these cases through the impact of responses by individual community and criminal legal system actors (e.g., victim advocates, police, prosecutors, and judges) to victims and offenders.     

British Labour Relations in the 1980s: Learning to Live with the Law

Labour Law and Industrial Relations: Building on Kahn-Freund. Edited by Wedderburn, Lewis and Clark Kahn-Freund's Labour and the Law. 3rd edition by Davies and Freedland. Labour Law: Text and Materials. 2nd edition. By Davies and Freedland.     

"We are also normal humans, you know?" Views and attitudes of juvenile delinquents on antisocial behavior, neurobiology and prevention

This paper presents and discusses the views and attitudes of juvenile delinquents regarding the implications of genomics and neurobiology research findings for the prevention and treatment of antisocial behavior. Scientific developments in these disciplines are considered to be of increasing importance for understanding the causes and the course of antisocial behavior and related mental disorders. High expectations exist with regard to the development of more effective prevention and intervention. Whether this is a desirable development does not only depend on science, but also on the ethical and social implications of potential applications of current and future research findings. As this pilot study points out, juvenile delinquents themselves have rather mixed views on the goals and means of early identification, prevention and treatment. Some welcome the potential support and help that could arise from biologically informed preventive and therapeutic measures. Others, however, reject the very goals of prevention and treatment and express worries concerning the risk of labeling and stigmatization and the possibility of false positives. Furthermore, interventions could aim at equalizing people and taking away socially disapproved capacities they themselves value. Moreover, most juvenile delinquents are hardly convinced that their crime could have been caused by some features of their brain or that a mental disorder has played a role. Instead, they provide social explanations such as living in a deprived neighborhood or having antisocial friends. We suggest that the hopes and expectations as well as the concerns and worries of juvenile delinquents are relevant not only for genomics and neurobiology of antisocial behavior, but also for prevention and intervention measures informed by social scientific and psychological research. The range of patterns of thought of juvenile delinquents is of great heuristic value and may lead to subsequent research that could further enhance our understanding of these patterns.     

The contemporary cybercrime ecosystem: A multi-disciplinary overview of the state of affairs and developments

This article provides a multi-disciplinary overview of the contemporary cybercrime ecosystem and its developments. It does so by reviewing and synthesising recent cybercrime research from fields such as cybersecurity, law and criminology. The article also examines ways in which gaps between the aforementioned fields arise and how to lessen them to increase cybersecurity. This article is divided into four main parts. The first part offers background on cybercrime and some of its main elements. It defines terminology, sets out a legal taxonomy of cybercrime offences and presents the estimated costs, threat agents and characteristics of various illicit activities and technical aspects of cybercrime. Parts two, three and four build on this preceding analysis by (separately) examining three prominent threat vectors within the ecosystem – malware, the darknet and Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. For each threat vector, the article identifies and investigates features, history, functions and current and expected states of development within the ecosystem. Through its attention to and synthesis of current research and results from different fields, this article offers a synoptic account of the cybercrime ecosystem, which can bridge potential knowledge gaps between fields.     

REVIEWS

Modern Times Niklas Luhmann on Law, Politics and Social Theory: Trust and Power. By Niklas Luhmann, translated by H. Davis, J. Raffan and K. Rooney, edited by T. Burns and G. Poggi, with an introduction by G. Poggi. [Chichester: John Wiley. 1979. xix and 208pp., £16·55, hardback.] Modern Times Niklas Luhmann on Law, Politics and Social Theory: The Differentiation of Society. By Niklas Luhmann, translated and introduced by S. Holmes and C. Larmore. [New York: Columbia University Press. 1982. xxxvii and 482pp., $35.00.] Modern Times Niklas Luhmann on Law, Politics and Social Theory: The Reform of Civil Procedural Law and Other Essays in Civil Procedure. By Sir Jack I. H. Jacob, Q.C. [London: Sweet and Maxwell. 1982. 359 pp. £18·50.] Modern Times Niklas Luhmann on Law, Politics and Social Theory: Law and Order: Arguments for Socialism. By Ian Taylor. [London: Macmillan. 1981. 234 pp. Hardcover: £15·00. Softcover: £4·95.] Modern Times Niklas Luhmann on Law, Politics and Social Theory: The Ordering of Justice: A Study of Accused Persons as Dependants in the Criminal Process. By Richard V. Ericson and Patricia M. Baranek. [Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1982. xvi and 268 pp. (incl. index). No price stated.]     

PERCEPTUAL DETERRENCE AND DRINKING AND DRIVING AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS*

This research examines the effect of perceived legal risks on drinking and driving. Data are from college students who were surveyed three times. Self-reports of recent drinking and driving at Time 3 are regressed on Time 1 and Time 2 measures of perceived risk of punishment. Prior moral evaluations, past drinking and driving, and previous legal intervention for drinking and driving are controlled. Perceptions of risk of arrest and severity of punishment are not related to subsequent drinking and driving, but moral tolerance, prior drinking and driving, and previous legal intervention all predict subsequent drinking and driving.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: The Control of Commercial Fraud . By L. H. Leigh . Striking a Balance ?—Employment Law After the 1980 Act . By Roy Lewis and Bob Simpson . Law and Economics . Edited by Ross Cranston and Ann Schick . Mental Health Law : Major Issues . By David B. Wexler . Fragile Freedoms . By Thomas R. Berger . Sentencing . By Hyman Gross and Andrew Von Hirsch . Law and Religion : The Jewish Experience . By Z. W. Falk . Mac Gillivray and Parkington on Insurance Law relating to all risks other than marine . Seventh edition by Michael Parkington , Anthony O'Dowd , Nicholas Legh -Jones and Andrew Longmore . Crime and the Criminal Law . Second edition, by Barbara Wootton . United States , Common Market and International Antitrust : A Comparative Guide . By Barry Hawk .