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1.
In order to enhance the enforcement of Antitrust Law, leniency policies were introduced in nearly all industrialized countries.
These programs aim at deterring and eliminating cartels. In this paper we analyze the rationale of the current European and
German leniency regulation. We challenge the contemporary view that the standard leniency privilege is incentive-compatible
with respect to its aim to enhance competition. Instead, we argue for it to be used as a preemptive strike against competitors
under circumstances where cartels become unstable. This implies a tightening of markets in subsequent periods and, thus, a
potential reduction in competition intensity. Given strategic reasoning by agents, the principal witness may assure an economically
privileged position in the future. This consequence might not be intended by the bonus regulations. Nevertheless if the leniency
policies lead to more competition in the market the results should be welcomed by the national cartel offices. We give anecdotal
evidence of the German cement case and base our arguments on a game-theoretical model.
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2.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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3.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
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4.
Transfer restrictions have a long tradition in professional sports but came under heavy attack in recent years (e.g. Bosman
ruling, Monti system). Based on a bargaining model with stochastic player productivity, we show that less restrictive transfer
rules reallocate ex post bargaining power from players to clubs. This reallocation is efficient and in the ex ante self-interest
of players. The right to charge transfer fees enables clubs to insure their players. The players, in turn, benefit by converting
risky future income into riskless current income. Overall, player utility is higher under more than under less restrictive
transfer rules.
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5.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
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6.
Official and victimisation data show that despite falling rates for motor vehicle thefts, much of the EU ‘organized crime’
related thefts have remained almost stable. Nevertheless, the car-theft market in the EU has changed, and so has the role
of traditional destinations for stolen vehicles, such as Eastern Europe. The paper examines the demand, supply, and regulation
factors that shape the structures of the vehicle theft market in Bulgaria, and smuggling patterns and offender behaviour in
source countries, in particular Spain. We argue that such nuanced historical approach that takes into account a wider range
of factors in destination countries can help explain the recent transformations in Europe’s vehicle-theft markets.
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7.
Among various kinds of corruption in China, corruption of the First-in-Command (FIC) is most pernicious, threatening the legitimacy
of the Chinese Communist Party and the stability of the state. This paper examines several specific institutional arrangements
under China’s current political structure, including the people’s congress, the ruling party system, and the collective leadership
team system, to see how they have contributed to power overconcentration in the hands of FICs. This is done in a two-round
process: first through the collective leadership team and then by the gestating decision-making rule. The paper also assesses
four institutional innovations designed to prevent FIC corruption.
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8.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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9.
The spectacular business scandals in recent years have led both the legislative and business companies to rethink and redesign
their strategies. This article analyzes the worldwide impact of reforms in economic crime legislation emanating from the USA.
Empirical data are reported showing that the US regulations are generating a spillover effect spreading beyond its sphere
of operation. It is particularly notable that international stock-exchange-listed companies are orienting themselves increasingly
toward the legal standards of the USA.
Translated from the German by Jonathan Harrow, Bielefeld.
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10.
Illegality does not necessarily breed violence. The relationship between illicit markets and violence depends on institutions
of protection. When state-sponsored protection rackets form, illicit markets can be peaceful. Conversely, the breakdown of
state-sponsored protection rackets, which may result from well-meaning policy reforms intended to improve law enforcement,
can lead to violence. The cases of drug trafficking in contemporary Mexico and Burma show how a focus on the emergence and
breakdown of state-sponsored protection rackets helps explain variation in levels of violence both within and across illicit
markets.
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11.
Considering earlier research into police use of force as well as the judicial and practical frame of police work in Germany,
the article presents the results of an empirical study on the individual and collective legitimization of the use of force
by German police officers. There are numerous justifications for the use of force expressed by focus group participants in
eight German Federal States who were responding to a hypothesized scenario. In the discussions observed within the groups,
reference is first made to the state’s duty to prosecute alleged offences and the measures or formal actions to do this—hence,
the legal authority to use force. In the course of the discussions, however, it became obvious that illegal violence may occur,
although it was not perceived as such by the officers. Overall, and after an intensive analysis of the focus group discussions,
it can be stated that use of force (whether legal or not) depends on the police officer’s perception of the resistance of
the person being engaged with. In this regard, different social–cultural or physical–material factors can be identified. They
have different influences on the individual legitimization of police actions, intertwined with the perception of the situation
as constructed by the officer. Three ways of perceiving the situation can be deduced, resulting in different patterns of justification
for the use of force.
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13.
The hardening of soft budget constraints (SBCs) is a central element in transforming the economies of Central and Eastern
Europe into market economies. This paper presents macro evidence on budget hardening of transition economies comparing the
performance of EU accession countries relative to non-accession countries. We estimate SBC hardening for 21 transition economies
in a partial adjustment model by measuring the reaction of employment to output changes over a 10-year period. The paper finds
that accession candidates have reduced excess labour demand substantially relative to non-accession countries.
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14.
Comparing Cuban and Haitian migrant smuggling schemes, this article explores the relationship between violence and the social
organization of migrant smuggling, including the smuggling of refugees. Levels of violence, political repression, and ethnic
persecution in sending states provide an important context for understanding the origins and organization of this illicit
market. Examining the violent threats and acts directed at migrants en route, we argue that violence is not a necessary part
of the illicit market for unauthorized migration, attenuated by the social networks, cultural norms, and contractual relationships
in which it is embedded.
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15.
The paper examines the flow of highly skilled workers employed by foreign companies in Hungary. It explores the relationship
between foreign direct investment (FDI) and tacit knowledge flows through the mobility of highly qualified workers in this
age of globalisation. The paper shows that mobility is a very important factor in the transfer of knowledge linked to the
movement of capital—to FDI. The paper analyses the potential transfer of knowledge and skills from advanced market economies
to Hungarian companies as accompanying FDI. The analysis is based on a pioneering survey on business-led mobility.
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16.
This paper discusses issues related to measuring organized crime as they have become manifest in the Dutch contribution to
the EU Organised Crime Threat Assessment (OCTA). It intends to convey to a wider academic community certain issues of definition,
methodology and accountability, understanding the NTA process in terms of the communication of risks in a context of competitive
defining institutions.
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17.
Using data on 75 countries for six years in the period 1995–2003, this paper analyzes empirically whether and to what extent
the quality of the legal system affects the performance of the labor market. According to the regression results, a legal
system characterized by a dependent judiciary, biased courts, a lack of intellectual property protection and a lack of integrity
increases unemployment and lowers the employment level. The magnitude of the effect seems to be substantial, particularly
among young people.
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18.
Terrorist violence and violent justice responses have much in common. While contextually dependant, both forms of violence
lay claim to contestred legitimacies. The relationships between terrorism and justice responses require both theoretical and
empirical examination if the prospects for controlling the violence they perpetrate is to be sharpened.
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19.
In many countries around the world, governmental authorities control the market entry of new providers of higher educational
services. By means of ex-ante licensing in the higher education sector, government ensures that students are only confronted
with academic programs and institutions that at least meet certain minimum quality standards. This quality-assuring intervention
by government may be taken for granted. From an economic viewpoint, however, it seems worthwhile to scrutinize the regulatory
status quo. In order to rethink existing licensing arrangements’ raison d’être, the present paper addresses the question whether governmental market entry control in the higher education industry is necessary
at all.
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20.
This paper tries to read together three texts that refer to the Rwandan genocide and to draw attention to certain paradoxes
that emerge from the way in which the texts might be said to talk to and past each other. The overall intention is to throw
light on the complications in witnessing such an event, and to themes of justice and politics that arise.
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