论环境公益与环境公诉

自 2 0 0 4年第 1期《科技与法律》编辑部与中国人民大学环境资源法研究所合作开办“环境法论坛”专栏以来 ,得到了广大的热爱环境资源保护事业的作者和读者的支持 ,使本专栏得以继存。再次重申 ,“环境法论坛”专栏的办刊宗旨是“专业、务实、新颖、活泼”。基于编辑对环境法学术期刊并非一定死气沉沉、拘泥形式的办刊理念的理解 ,目前我们已开设“理论推陈出新”、“立法释法之我见”、“由案说法”、“异域风景线”、“你争我鸣”和“环境法沙拉”等隐性栏目 ,期盼学界同仁恩赐如下大作 :能自圆其说的理论创新者 ;独到的建设性的立法建议和学理性释法者 ;结合新近案例的法治实践 ,并有所理论提升者 ;介绍国内外的各种新近、先进环境法制 ,开阔国人视野 ,并能启迪心智 ,而绝非仅为走马观花者 ;无论旧论新说 ,展开针锋相对的学术争鸣与回应答辩者 ;符合本栏目宗旨 ,不限篇幅与形式的书评、法制信息、学术活动综述、国外学术机构及其成果介绍等。欢迎作者赐稿、赐题。来稿请遵循本刊自 2 0 0 4年以来的以往各期的版式 ,以WORD文档附件的形式发至 :enblaw @yahoo .com .cn专用电子信箱 ,电子邮件“主题”请务必注明“环境法论坛投稿”字样。《科技与法律》编辑部“环境法论坛”专栏编辑     

Public Space,Public Morality: The Media Construction of Sex in Public Places

Public sex has been the focus of a number of academic texts in recent years, but while some comment more generally on how the media have presented specific forms of public sexual activity, it remains unclear how the media have constructed these undertakings. The phenomenon consists of a number of subcultures aimed at providing sexual enjoyment in public settings in different ways. There has been evidence that those engaging in public sex undertake significant risk that, while motivating for those taking part, can lead to a number of tragic consequences. Some of these consequences include physical attacks by members of the public as well as susceptibility to robbery and even abduction. This article will explore one of the possible reasons behind an unfavourable view of public sex in the public conscience- the mass media, and in particular, newspapers in the United Kingdom. The way in which the media have constructed various forms of public sex will be explored, as well as the information provided in reports, and in particular, the detailing of locations of Public Sex Environments (PSEs).     

Optimal Growth with Public Capital and Public Services

We characterize optimal economic growth in an endogenous growth model in which production requires public capital (a stock) and public services (a flow) in addition to private capital and labor. We analyze the comparative static effects of changes in the fundamental technological and preference parameters of the model on the optimal values of several variables, such as the optimal rate of growth and the optimal allocation of resources among consumption, the provision of public services, and investment in public and private capital. We show that the general optimal path converges in finite time to the balanced growth optimal path. We relate our paper to important contributions to the existing literature by obtaining them as special cases of our model.     

论公物公众使用收费的标准

公物公众使用收费过高或不当的免费都存在公平、效率等问题。现有学说对收费判断的标准过于空泛、单一,无法反映复杂的现实,也难以给予实践有效指导,需要更精细化的研究。影响收费与否及定价的主要因素包括需求的基本性、资金来源、价格调控的合比例性、自然公物还是人工公物、使用习惯、受益对象和受益范围与时机、自愿的意思表示等。这些因素需要进行综合权衡,在一定条件下发挥作用,从而类型化出免费、成本性收费、效率性收费、营利性收费和混合性收费五种收费与定价的具体方式。     

公共服务创新与事业单位改革

事业单位改革是关系到我国公共服务创新能否实现的重要载体。随着社会的发展变化,行政生态的转型,必然导致公共治理与公共服务模式的治道变革。如何学习和借鉴国外公共服务改革的经验,改革政府,改革事业机构,为全社会提供统一的公共产品和公共服务,建设同改革发展新阶段相适应的公共服务体系已成为一个越来越迫切的任务。     

Public Diplomacy,Smith-Mundt and the American Public

The U.S. Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948, also known as the Smith-Mundt Act, is a mostly unknown and widely misunderstood piece of legislation. Revised multiple times, the law bans domestic dissemination of Voice of America and other U.S. international broadcast content in the United States. Presenting government-supported international broadcasting as an example of public diplomacy, this article discusses the long-term misrepresentation of Smith-Mundt's original intent and highlights the consequences of the continuing ban. The article considers prospects for ending the ban and emphasizes potential opportunities presented by its elimination, concluding that ending the ban might eliminate incongruity between American foreign policy goals of democracy promotion and the reality of banned domestic content. Repeal of the ban may also result in unexpected remedies for challenges facing the American media industry and the American public's desire for international news.

The United States government may be the largest broadcaster that few Americans know about. Although its networks reach 100 countries in 59 languages, they are banned from distribution in the United States by a 1948 law devised to prevent the government from turning its propaganda machine on its own citizens. ^{1 1}Mark Landler, A New Voice of America for the Age of Twitter, N.Y. Times, June 7, 2011 at 9. The broadcasters comprising the U.S. international broadcasting operation are the Voice of America (VOA), Alhurra, Radio Sawa, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Radio Free Asia, and Radio and TV Marti. The Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG) is “a bipartisan agency … that acts as a ‘firewall’ between the U.S. government and international broadcasting entities it funds.” Kim Andrew Elliott, America Calling: A 21st-Century Model, Foreign Service J., Oct. 2010, at 31. When Smith-Mundt was passed in 1948, USIB authority fell under the Department of State. Later, Congress created the United States Information Agency (USIA) to facilitate American public diplomacy operations. After the end of the cold war, Congress dismantled USIA and returned responsibility for American public diplomacy efforts to the Department of State. For an excellent history of the rise and fall of the USIA, see Nicholas J. Cull, The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy 1945–1989 (2008).      

Public criminologies

Research Summary Public scholarship aspires to bring social science home to the individuals, communities, and institutions that are its focus of study. In particular, it seeks to narrow the yawning gap between public perceptions and the best available scientific evidence on issues of public concern. Yet nowhere is the gap between perceptions and evidence greater than in the study of crime. Here, we outline the prospects for a public criminology, conducting and disseminating research on crime, law, and deviance in dialogue with affected communities. We present historical data on the media discussion of criminology and sociology, and we outline the distinctive features of criminology—interdisciplinary, a subject matter that incites moral panics, and a practitioner base actively engaged in knowledge production—that push the boundaries of public scholarship. Policy Implications Discussions of public sociology have drawn a bright line separating policy work from professional, critical, and public scholarship. As the research and policy essays published in Criminology & Public Policy make clear, however, the best criminology often is conducted at the intersection of these domains. A vibrant public criminology will help to bring new voices to policy discussions while addressing common myths and misconceptions about crime.     

Public guardianship

Conclusion Public guardianship provides a useful means of providing care for a very vulnerable group of people—the incapacitated. This vulnerability requires that special care be taken to assure that the guardian does not subordinate the ward's interests to any other considerations. Such subordination of the ward's interests may be inadvertent or well intentioned. It may even, on occasion, be consistent with broader social or governmental policies. Nevertheless, it is a violation of the guardian's duty of loyalty.This article has discussed several methods for reducing the likelihood that the ward's rights will be infringed. Ultimately, however, the avoidance of improprieties and the maintenance of incapacitated persons in dignity depends not on procedural or managerial devices, but on the loyalty of the guardian to the interests of his or her ward.     

Public Trusts

Public, as distinct from charitable, trusts were authoritatively recognised in 1827, when the House of Lords determined that the permanent basis of equitable jurisdiction protected 'public money' from unlawful application, on the same basis as charitable funds were protected. These trusts made the relevant public functionaries subject to equitable remedies, but the remedies were displaced from equitable practice by jurisdictional fusion and by administrative audit surcharges. In the twentieth century they survived unrecognised in the ambiguously phrased 'local authority fiduciary duty to ratepayers'. Recently, public trusts have again been implicitly acknowledged, and the distinctive remedy of personal liability to make good loss arising from misapplication has been applied. However the right to litigate is confined to current fund-holders in fulfilment of their protective trust duty and to the Attorney General in the general public interest in countering unlawful appropriations of public money.     

公案的民意、主题与信息对称

某些个案因被高度关注而演变成"过度曝光的案件",本文把它称为公案。本文从案件中民意的自身特性、主题元素、民意与司法之间的信息不对称三方面,对公案进行了分析。文章分析了公案中民意的特点;把公案分为六类,并提炼出六个"主题元素";还论述了司法与民意的"信息不对称"问题及其客观原因。     

对突发事件中地方政府危机公关能力的思考

地方政府危机公关能力是构建和谐社会的客观需要,是提高党的执政能力的具体体现。因此,在构建和谐社会的背景下研究如何提高地方政府危机公关能力具有重要的理论价值和现实指导意义。     

公法体系要以公民的公权利为本

要实现2010年形成中国特色社会主义法律体系(包括公法体系)的立法规划,应当转变立法思路上的偏颇,在立法指导思想和立法重心上予以适当词整:从以经济立法为重心,转变到以人为本,以公民的私权利和公权利为本,实行以政改立法和社会保障立法优先的方针.公法不应当只是保障国家的公权力的法,而是规范国家和公民社会之间的关系的法,是公权力与公权利的关系的法.公法不意味着只是以国家利益为本位,而应当以人为本,以人权和公民权为本;不应该只是以经济为中心,仅仅是把法律作为对经济保驾护航的工具;应该以宪政的立法为核心,为首脑,而人权和公民权是这个体系的心脏、灵魂.     

论公诉裁量中的公共利益衡量

公诉的性质、检察机关的职能决定了公共利益衡量是现代各国检察机关进行公诉裁量时应遵守的一项基本原则。公共利益衡量的适用必须具备一定的前提条件。刑事诉讼中的公共利益包括社会利益、国家利益以及被害人和被告人利益等因素 ,在进行公诉裁量时应根据具体案件的情况对各种利益进行衡量。我国的公诉裁量应体现和遵守公共利益原则。     

对公众获取公用企业信息的法律分析

规制缓和、引入竞争已经成为国际上公用企业改革的共识,同时其也对政府监管与公众参与提出了更高的要求。如在公用企业调价的听证工作中,信息不对称导致作为消费者的公众处于信息获取的劣势地位,消费者代表往往无法提出有说服力的意见。针对《政府信息公开条例》第37条的规定,实践之中产生了一些公众申请公用企业信息公开的事件或案例,引发了诸多的争议,因此有必要对公用企业是否适用该条例,公用企业如何更好地履行信息公开的义务,以及公众如何有效获取信息等问题进行深入探讨。     

公共采购制度之公私关系研究

公共采购中的公私关系包括采购人与供应商的关系,采购人与其工作人员或其代理机构、聘用专家等的关系,供应商与其员工的关系,纳税人(或公众)与采购人、供应商之间的关系,跨国公私主体之间的关系等.公共采购公私关系的多维度存在、公共采购合同混合论的共识、公共采购法公法与私法调整机制的综合运用,说明公共采购法是公私耦合之法.其公私关系具有范围、功能与规制的多维度、采购流程上的公权与私权强弱渐变、规制与激励上的复式等特征.正确处理公共采购中的公私关系对完善我国公共采购法具有重要的意义.     

“上市信用”是上市公司的特有信用

在社会信用体系中,由于证券市场的特殊性,其信用始终成为人们关注的焦点。而其中,上市公司的信用更是核心。上市信用是指上市公司在证券市场上的信用,这种信用是借助证券市场表现出来的,反映在上市公司股票的发行、交易中。所以,评价上市信用,既包括对上市公司作为一方当事人的股份发行中的信用要求,也包括股份转让中上市公司能否以自己良好信用为股票持有者的利益期待权提供保障。本文特别指出,完善上市公司治理是提升上市公司信用的关键。其中,要求控制股东履行诚信义务,强化董事的义务、责任,健全公司内部多层次监督机制,是保证上市公司信用的根本举措。同时,由于信息与信用之间有着极其密切的关系,因此,强调上市公司完善信息披露制度也是非常重要的。     

论公用征收

我国的公用征收是指国家基于公共利益的需要 ,依据法律规定以强制手段取得公民、法人或其他组织的财产权利 ,并给予其公平补偿的行政行为 ,包括三个适法性条件 :其一为合法性 ,即公用征收必须依据法律规定、有法律授权方能进行 ;其二为目的性 ,即公用征收必须应公共利益之需而为之 ;其三为公平补偿 ,即公用征收必须事先予以公平补偿