宪法基本权利保障的发展

一、基本权利保障的曲折发展历程 （一）《共同纲领》的规定及其保障情况 《共同纲领》作为临时宪法确认了人民的基本权利：政治类权利、平等权、监督权、文化自由和权利、保护华侨等权利、外国人权利。它有以下特点。一是将权利主体范围界定为“人民”而不是“公民”。二是公民基本权利和义务没有单列一章,文字表述较为简单。     

1954年宪法的历史命运与人民代表大会制度

194 9年新中国成立后 ,我国人民获得了国家政权 ,并运用制宪权制定了新中国第一部社会主义宪法 ,确认人民作为国家主人的事实 ,确立了人民主权原则。建国初期 ,起临时宪法作用的《共同纲领》规定“国家政权属于人民”。人民作为国家权力的主体 ,选择与行使国家权力相适应的形式     

论1949年《共同纲领》的制定权

对1949年《共同纲领》制定权性质的研究,对于客观评价《共同纲领》的历史地位具有重要意义。本文首先分析了《共同纲领》制定权的性质,并以此为基础认为,作为《共同纲领》制定权主体的中国人民政治协商会议具有民主的正当性,并发挥了提供政权合法性的功能。而这种正当性与合法性体现在《共同纲领》的制定经过与程序。作者认为,《共同纲领》是新中国的临时宪法,具有特定历史条件下的民主性基础。但受历史条件的制约,《共同纲领》尚不足以满足一部严格意义上的宪法所需的基本条件,因此它并不是新中国的第一部宪法。     

新民主主义宪政立法的有益尝试——1946年《哈尔滨市施政纲领》考察

1946年《哈尔滨市施政纲领》是中国共产党在新民主主义革命阶段为建立国家政权积累经验,在中心大城市实行民主政治、建设管理政权的初次尝试,是对毛泽东提出的新民主主义理论的最早实践。该纲领中提出的“建立民主的、法治的社会秩序”及“建设和平、民主、独立、繁荣的新哈尔滨”的构想,对其后相继建立的各解放区的宪政立法及《中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领》产生了直接影响,是新中国宪政立法的重要渊源。     

中国宪法学四十年

建国初期,《中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领》曾起着临时宪法的作用,迄今为止,我国宪法经历了共同纲领、1954年宪法、1975年宪法、1978年宪法和1982年宪法40年的发展历程,与此相适应,我国宪法学也经历了一个曲折发展过程。现在,除以宪法为主要内容的普法之外,宪法学的教学和研究有很大发展,表现在门类增加很多,内容不断丰富,     

《日本国宪法》的危机

日本发动侵略中国、朝鲜以及东南亚各国的第二次世界大战遭受失败后，在美国麦克阿瑟将军以盟军最高统帅的身份，率领美军占领日本全国期间，制定了取代1889年《大日本帝国宪法》（亦称“明治宪法”）的1946年《日本国宪法》。它运用美国三权分立的原则和英国虚君制的模式，确立了议会立宪君主制的政治体制；它以三十一个条文详细规定了范围较为广泛的国民的基本权利和自由；它作出了放弃战争和不保持武装力量的规定（因而被誉为“和平宪法”）。日本学者将这部宪法的基石概括为“民主、人权与和平”三大原则，他们认为，失去这三个原则中的…     

从现阶段实际出发发展我国的计划生育立法

一、计划生育立法的形势与任务自80年代初以来，随着改革开放的不断深入以及国民经济和人口事业的迅速发展，我国的计划生育立法取得了显著成绩。一方面，我国的许多法律在各自的规范领域内贯彻了计划生育基本国策和宪法原则。首先，《婚姻法》“总则”和“家庭关系”的有关条款（第2条、第12条）体现了与宪法原则完全一致的精神。其次，1992年制定的《妇女权益保障法》既从保护妇女人身权利的角度规定：“禁止歧视、虐待生育女婴的妇女和不育妇女”（第35条）；又在“婚姻家庭权益”中规定：“妇女有按照国家有关生育子女的权利，也有不生…     

重庆“最牛钉子户”事件引发的法学及媒体责任思考（下）

（接上期）（二）关于公共利益公共利益如何界定是一个通俗而难解的话题。我国《宪法》修正案第20条规定：“国家为了公共利益的需要．可以依照法律规定对土地实行征收或者征用并给予补偿。”《土地管理法》第2条规定：“国家为了公共利益的需要，可以依法对土地实行征收或者征用并给予补偿。”《物权法》第42条规定：“为了公共利益的需要，依照法律规定的权限和程序可以征收集体所有的土地和单位、     

信访在实施宪法方面的成就与问题

狭义的信访是指行政信访，按国务院《信访条例》第2条规定，是指公民、法人或其他组织采用书信、电子邮件、传真、电话、走访等形式，向各级政府、县级以上政府工作部门反映情况，提出建议、意见或者投诉请求，依法由有关行政机关处理的活动。中度意义上的信访不包括非国家机关的信访活动，不限于行政机关，还包括人大及其常委会、法院和检察院的信访。中度意义上的信访在地方性法规中使用。本文以行政信访为重点。新中国信访工作六十年的运作过程，是宪法实施和宪法精神得以实现的过程。尽管《共同纲领》和新中国宪法没有提到“信访”这个词，但是“信访”有宪法基础。由于信访符合宪法精神，所以新中国六十年来，它成为实施宪法的重要形式，并在群众反映意见和建议、监督权力和权利救济方面发挥了重要的作用。信访和宪法形成了密不可分的互动关系。     

修宪与私有合法财产保护的强化

我国宪法对私有财产的保护经历了一个逐渐演变的过程，这个过程是与我国经济制度的发展变化相适应的。1949年《共同纲领》中规定：保护国家的公共财产和合作社的财产，保护工人、农民、小资产阶级和民族资产阶级的经济利益及其私有财产。1954年宪法第7条至第12条分别规     

集中与分权的历史逻辑——“共同纲领”时期我国宪制的建构、运行与更张

1949年《共同纲领》与《政府组织法》共同确立了堪称"四九宪制"的国家权力配置基本格局。与以苏联为代表的社会主义宪法传统不同,四九宪制虽然同奉议行合一原理为圭臬,却有自己的独特创造,表现为通过中央人民政府主席这一职位实现议、行两端的权力集中。然而决策权与执行权在规范层面的分工模糊与权能交叠,使四九宪制在实际运行中无法确保中央人民政府主席对国家事务直接和经常的领导。随着机构改革与权力重组的受挫,这一时期宪制的制度弹性逐渐耗尽,新政权的缔造者们最终通过在1954年《宪法》中对最高国务会议制度的设计实现了对议行合一体制的重设。     

TRICARE; Individual Case Management Program; Program for Persons with Disabilities; extended benefits for disabled family members of active duty service members; custodial care. Final Rule

The Department is publishing this final rule to implement requirements enacted by Congress in section 701(g) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002 (NDAA-02), which terminates the Individual Case Management Program. The Department withdraws its proposed rule published at 66 FR 39699 on August 1, 2001, regarding the Individual Case Management Program. This rule also implements section 701(b) of the NDAA-02 which provides additional benefits for certain eligible active duty dependents by amending the TRICARE regulations governing the Program for Persons with Disabilities. The Program for Persons with Disabilities is now called the Extended Care Health Option. Other administrative amendments are included to clarify specific policies that relate to the Extended Care Health Option, custodial care, and to update related definitions.     

Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services (CHAMPUS); Program for Persons with Disabilities; basic program--DoD. Final rule; administrative corrections

The Department of Defense published a final rule concerning the Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services (CHAMPUS) on June 30, 1997 (62 FR 35086). There were incorrect amendments published to the Program for Persons with Disabilities section of the CHAMPUS rule. This document corrects the administrative error.     

Program analysis of the NYPD container inspection program

In response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the bus and train bombings in England and Spain that followed, the New York City Police Department (NYPD) developed the ‘Container Inspection Program’ which ‘focuses on backpacks and containers large enough to hold explosives, [and to] ideally discourage subway riders from carrying backpacks and large bags in the subway system’. This paper analyzes the NYPD Container Inspection Program.     

Suspension of enrollment in the Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) Program for Peace Corps volunteers. Final rule

The Office of Personnel Management is issuing a final regulation to allow Peace Corps volunteers who are FEHB Program enrolled annuitants, survivors, and former spouses to suspend their FEHB enrollments and then return to the FEHB Program during the Open Season, or return to FEHB coverage immediately, if they involuntarily lose health benefits coverage under the Peace Corps. The intent of this final rule is to allow these beneficiaries to avoid the expense of continuing to pay FEHB Program premiums while they have other health coverage as Peace Corps volunteers, without endangering their ability to return to the FEHB Program in the future.     

美国疫苗伤害补偿计划及其对我国的启示

上世纪80年代,美国为了应对疫苗供应危机,颁布了《国家儿童疫苗伤害法》,1988年开始实行疫苗伤害补偿计划,经过几年的努力,初步实现了国会的双重立法目标。我国应借鉴美国的经验,明确立法目标,由国家制定统一的补偿标准,不断扩大补偿范围,制定更具操作性的规定,进一步完善我国的疫苗伤害补偿制度。     

World Trade Center Health Program requirements for the addition of new WTC-related health conditions. Final rule

Title I of the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010 amended the Public Health Service Act (PHS Act) to establish the World Trade Center (WTC) Health Program. Sections 3311, 3312, and 3321 of Title XXXIII of the PHS Act require that the WTC Program Administrator develop regulations to implement portions of the WTC Health Program established within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The WTC Health Program, which is administered by the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), provides medical monitoring and treatment to eligible firefighters and related personnel, law enforcement officers, and rescue, recovery and cleanup workers who responded to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in New York City, Shanksville, PA, and at the Pentagon, and to eligible survivors of the New York City attacks. This final rule establishes the processes by which the WTC Program Administrator may add a new condition to the list of WTC-related health conditions through rulemaking, including a process for considering petitions by interested parties to add a new condition.     

Federal Employees Health Benefits Program improving carrier performance; conforming changes--OPM. Proposed rulemaking

The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) is proposing to issue a regulation that would amend the Federal Employees Health Benefits Acquisition Regulation (FEHBAR) to underscore accountability for customer service and contractual compliance among the Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) Program community-rated carriers. The regulation would enable OPM to better manage carriers' performance over key contract areas, including customer service measures, information and reporting requirements, and significant events that might affect service to enrollees. Accurate and timely performance by carriers will facilitate the Program meeting its customer service standards.     

Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services (CHAMPUS); TRICARE Retiree Dental Program (TRDP)--DoD. Final rule

This final rule establishes the TRICARE Retiree Dental Program (TRDP), a premium based indemnity dental insurance coverage program, that will be available to retired members of the Uniformed Services, their dependents, and certain other beneficiaries.