美国、日本农业技术推广体系立法的经验与借鉴

美国、日本有关立法对捉业技术推广组织、人员和保障措施的规定十分明确,为其本国农业推广体系功能的发挥提供了有效保障。反观我国相关立法,则显得不足。为加快新杈村建设进度,发展现代农业,破解“三农”问题,应当借鉴美国、日本的立法经验,完善我国农业技术推广体系立法。     

Formal and informal control views in China,Japan, and the U.S.

Purpose

This study compared and contrasted the views of formal and informal crime control among college students from China, Japan, and the U.S., and examined the correlates behind the views.

Methods

Using the same questionnaire, this study collected data from 1,275 completed surveys in the three nations.

Results

The study revealed that both Chinese and Japanese respondents evaluated formal and informal control and their combination in crime control as more important than American counterparts did. The variable trust in police was a predictor of attitudes toward formal control and the mix of formal and informal control in all the three nations. Demographics in the U.S. were more important factors than in China and Japan in predicting the respondents' ranking of the importance of formal control and informal control and their combination in crime control.

Conclusions

This is the first empirically comparative study of the perceived importance of formal and informal mechanisms in crime prevention and control in China, Japan and the U.S. The study found both similarities and differences in the perceived importance and reasons behind them. More research is needed in the future.     

美国政府信息公开制度建设的历程及启示

进入信息社会以来,公众对政府的要求越来越高.政府要成为良好的治理主体,政府信息公开是必要条件,政府信息公开是实现主权在民原则的保证,是建设服务型政府的要求,同时也是制约行政权力,预防腐败,构建和谐社会的重要措施.西方国家特别是美国在政府信息公开制度建设方面走在了世界各国的前列,有很多方面值得我们借鉴和学习.     

Death penalty views in China, Japan and the U.S.: An empirical comparison

Many nations impose the death penalty, yet most of the literature on capital punishment has focused on Western nations, particularly the U.S. China and Japan are two retentionist nations. Based on the data collected in 2005, this study examined the level of death penalty support and views on capital punishment among college students from China, Japan, and the U.S. It was found that Chinese respondents reported the highest level of death penalty support, followed by Japanese and U.S. students. Respondents from China and Japan were more likely to believe in the deterrence value of capital punishment than their U.S. counterparts. Views on retribution differed among the respondents. U.S. students were most likely to feel that innocent people are sentenced to death. In multivariate analyses, deterrence was the strongest correlate of death penalty views among Chinese and Japanese respondents, followed closely by retribution. For both Chinese and Japanese students, the barbarity of government taking the life of a person was the strongest predictor for opposing the death penalty. For U.S. respondents, retribution was the strongest reason for supporting capital punishment and the barbarity of executions was the strongest reason for opposing the death penalty.     

Cognitive Salience of Subjugation and the Ideological Justification of U.S. Geopolitical Dominance in Japan

To explore the causal role of cognition about subjugation in the justification of the geopolitical status quo, Japanese attitudes about U.S.–Japan relations were assessed after experimentally making salient either Japan’s dominance or subjugation regarding the United States. In addition, participants completed measures of ideology, including system justification, social dominance orientation, and right-wing authoritarianism. Results demonstrated that those reminded of Japan’s geopolitical subjugation to (but not dominance over) the U.S. endorsed U.S. hegemony to the degree that system justification motivation was high. Findings suggest that (a) international hierarchies have attitudinal consequences that may be especially pronounced among those who endorse the status quo, and (b) current Japanese policy-related attitudes are influenced by the salience of U.S. hegemony in Japan.     

A new approach to measuring time-lags in technology licensing: study of U.S. academic research institutions

This paper contributes to measurement of licensing performance of U.S. research institutions by suggesting an approach for identifying time-lags in the licensing process. Licensing is a multi-state process starting with a disclosure, and resulting in intermediate outcomes such as patents, licensing agreements, and licensing income. The time duration among these variables is critical in understanding which investment is responsible for which outcome. This study develops a statistic procedure estimating time-lag coefficients among licensing variables using an unstructured regression model (OLS). The procedure is applied to 46 U.S. academic research institutions using the licensing survey data from 1991 to 2007 by Association of University Technology Manager. The results present individual time-lag relationships between each pair of licensing variables.     

U.S. policy on health inequities: the interplay of politics and research

What is the relationship between scientific research and government action in addressing health inequalities in the United States? What factors increase the impact of scientific research on public policy? To answer these questions, we focus on racial and ethnic disparities in health status and health care in the United States. We first review the history of the disparities issue to elucidate how the continual and persistent interplay between political action and scientific research drives government policy. We then analyze two recent government-sponsored reports about racial and ethnic disparities to understand the strategic consequences of issue framing. We draw lessons about how disparities research can have a greater impact on public policy.     

土地征收公共目的的美法日三国比较研究

选取具有代表性的美法日三国,从土地征收公共目的的立法界定、具体认定和法律救济三个角度进行比较分析,可以发现显著差异与共同经验并存。借鉴其共同经验,我国可借修订《土地管理法》之机回归土地征收目的一元化,并在此基础上明确界定土地征收公共目的的范围,增设公共目的认定程序,引入公共目的异议司法救济制度。     

Border crossings from Mexico to the U.S. and the role of border homicides

Crime, Law and Social Change - This paper examines northbound crossings of personal vehicles and pedestrians from Mexico to the U.S. Sample size from January 1997 to December 2019 includes the...     

美国专利使用权穷竭对我国的借鉴——以Quanta Computer，Inc．v．LG Electronics，Inc．案为研究进路

根据美国的实践,源自于默示许可的专利使用权穷竭上升为法律的规定后,专利产品无条件的销售导致已售专利产品上的使用权穷竭,在符合一定的条件下,还导致同一专利权人的与已售产品具有实质性技术特征的方法专利或组合专利穷竭。此外,专利权人还可通过可执行的限制条件来排除专利使用权穷竭。相比之下,我国现行《专利法》第63条第1款第1项的规定不仅导致法律之间、法条之间的冲突,而且还会导致专利权人的控制专利产品的售后使用,有修改之必要。     

美国专利权利要求解释的简介

<最高人民法院关于审理侵犯专利权纠纷案件应用法律若干问题的解释>,经最高人民法院审判委员会第1480次会议通过,于2009年12月28日发布,自2010年1月1日起施行,涉及专利权保护范围的确定问题.在专利侵权诉讼中,美国法院通常举行审前听证(马克曼听证会),以确定专利权利要求的保护范围.法官对权利要求范围的认定会预示专利侵权案件的结果,促使双方当事人尽快和解,从而加快专利侵权诉讼.介绍美国专利权利要求的概要,对我国的专利诉讼实践有着参考价值.     

美国2001年信息技术和产业立法趋势

3月28日,美国国会互联网政策联络小组（Congressional Internet Caucus）并列主席,众议员里克·布歇尔（Rick Boucher）在一次政策研讨会上作了关于信息技术立法的报告。现根据其报告,结合其他调研,对美国国会2001年信息技术和产业领域的立法动态概述如下。一、隐私权问题无疑是2001年的最大政策热点去年以来,隐私权问题日益成为互联网政策的最大热点。其触发因素有二：（1）欧盟在隐私权问题上长期向美国施压,不惜以贸易战相威胁,终于在去年促使美与欧盟达成“信息安全港”协议。（2）美国内消费者和消费者权益组织对包括美国在线…