SMEs in Regional Innovation Systems and The Role of Innovation Support--The Case of Upper Austria

In the past large firms were regarded as the main driving forces for innovation, but, more recently, the interest has shifted to SMEs as well as networks of firms. It has been recognized that SMEs innovate in a specific way and that they face size-specific barriers. To be able to rely on innovation partners and to be involved in regional or national innovation systems seems to be of critical importance for SMEs. This paper presents the empirical results of a firm survey in Upper Austria, a region with a long industrial tradition in Austria, investigating the extent to which SMEs are actually engaged in innovation networks and the role of public innovation support in this context. The findings show that SMEs which have received innovation support are more successful innovators than those which have not, and that innovation cooperations are rather rare. Most external relations are with other firms and within the region, very few with knowledge providers from science and technology. At present, innovation support instruments do not sufficiently target the deficits of non-innovative SMEs and the problems in linking up with innovation networks and broadening firms' relations beyond the region.     

Entrepreneurship and innovation: public policy frameworks

The purpose of this paper is to identify and unravel the disparate views toward innovation prevalent within the economic community and to link them to the various public policy approaches. These various schools of thought, or ways of thinking about the economy in general and the role of entrepreneurship and innovation in particular, not only shape how innovation and entrepreneurial activity are valued, but also the overall policy debate concerning innovation and entrepreneurship. Unraveling of these views highlights the disparate way in which entrepreneurial activity leading to innovation is valued.     

Innovation strategies of firms: What strategies and why?

This paper analyzes various innovation strategies of firms. Using five waves of the Community Innovation Survey in Sweden, we have traced the innovative behavior of firms over a 10-year period, i.e. between 2002 and 2012. We distinguish between sixteen innovation strategies, which compose of Schumpeterian four types of innovations (process, product, marketing, and organizational) plus various combinations of these four types. First, we find that firms are not homogenous in choosing innovation strategies, instead, they have a wide range of preferences when it comes to innovation strategy and some of the innovation strategies are “commonly” used among firms. Second, using Transition Probability Matrix, we found that firms also persist to have such a diverse innovation strategy preferences. Finally, using Multinomial Logit model, we explained the determinant of each and every innovation strategies, while we gave special attention to the commonly used innovation strategies among firms.     

Towards a broad understanding of innovation and its importance for innovation policy

This paper considers the changes in the concept of innovation during recent decades and the degree to which such changes have been of significance to innovation policy. We observe that: (1) the notion of innovation in research, statistics, and policy is becoming increasingly broad; (2) while this broader notion is conceptually more adequate for understanding the complexity of innovation activity, it also makes it increasingly difficult to gain a clear, unambiguous picture of innovation activity; (3) policy concepts built upon this extended understanding of innovation are becoming more complex in terms of governance capacities, coordination capabilities, and evidence-based policy formulation. The broad perception of innovation will, in fact, require substantial innovations in political and administrative systems to apply.     

完善科技创新法律制度的几点思考

当前我国的科技创新法制建设取得了显著成效,初步形成了一整套与科技创新活动有关的法律规范,但仍然存在重政策、轻法律等问题;科技创新离不开法律制度的保障,科技创新是一个不断进步的动态过程,为其提供保障的法律制度也需要不断创新、完善。     

Innovation capacity in the healthcare sector and historical anchors: examples from the UK,Switzerland and the US

Innovation is an integral part of economic development in developed economies. In the post 2008 period, a key policy agenda is that of sustainable development, which calls for innovation in all aspects of value-chains. In this paper, we focus on innovation from the biotech—pharma perspective to see whether or not this will lead to a sustainable future for the regions where there are clusters of firms in this sector. We examine data from a recently completed European Union study of innovation in the Healthcare sector from the UK and Switzerland, countries with an historical base in pharma, to understand how innovation pathways vary at the regional level in the broader life sciences, which incorporate biotech and more. Innovation in the healthcare sector in two regions, Oxfordshire in the UK and Zurich in Switzerland are compared. We contextualize our discussion by drawing on studies that focus on the sector in the US, specifically Boston. The analytical framework comprises three elements: innovation systems and national and regional economic development theories are the first two, followed by approaches which consider organizational or institutional activity. This framework is used to help explain and understand the complexity of how innovation is organized at the sub-national level. The overall context is that it is increasing becoming a condition for government financing of research that it has more immediate application in industry or have the possibility of commercialisation (e.g., translational research).     

Regional Innovation Systems: General Findings and Some New Evidence from Biotechnology Clusters

This paper focuses on interactive innovation. It starts by operationalising Regional Innovation in the context of multi-level governance. It shows how regional and external innovation interaction among firms and other innovation organizations is important for regional innovation potential. The ability to access and use funding for innovation support for regional firms and organizations is crucial for regional innovation promotion. Equity investment funding is more important than public funding, which tends to be cautious and otherwise risk avoiding, except in circumstances of market arrest or failure to develop. Regional systems of innovation are broader than single sectors or clusters but some of these will be strategically privileged recipients of policy support because of their growth performance or potential, rather than, as in the past, their uncompetitiveness. The paper devotes space to exploring biotechnology clustering from a regional innovation systems viewpoint, as an instance of rather strong sectoral, regional innovation systems capabilities, though integrated also to global knowledge supply and markets. Illustration is provided of the way such sectoral innovation systems work at local regional level by reference to cases from Cambridge, Massachusetts and Cambridge, England.     

协同创新:公安院校参与社会管理创新初探

协同创新是个常论常新的问题。在公安机关提高社会管理科学化水平、"推进大教育大培训工作体系"的大背景和高等学校"深入推进哲学社会科学繁荣发展"的新环境下,公安院校要以公安部推进公安机关社会管理创新和教育部推进高校协同创新为契机,厘清新背景下公安机关对公安院校的新需求,分析协同创新在特定背景特定主体环境下具备的新内涵、新特点,探寻全面推进协同创新的有效措施和方法。     

National innovation systems and the globalization of nanotechnology innovation

While there has been much emphasis over the last decade on the science of nanotechnology and on the implications and risks of potential applications, it is now timely to increase attention to the emerging dynamics of nanotechnology commercialization. This paper examines, from a global perspective, where and how corporations are entering into nanotechnology innovation. The paper tests the proposition that a significant shift has occurred in recent years in the orientation of corporate nanotechnology activities—from research discovery to patented applications. It also examines the extent to which the character and structure of corporate nanotechnology activity by country initially reflects national innovation system characteristics and prior public research funding inputs in the stage when discovery is most emphasized. The results indicate that national innovation systems characteristics are significant factors in the commercialization shift of nanotechnology and highlight the importance of innovation system policy factors. We also observe the influence of cross-border international invention linkages, suggesting that national innovation policies also need to be open and international in orientation.     

Patent laws and innovation in China

This paper explores whether the patent laws and intellectual property rights (IPR) system in China have resulted in innovation during the reform period. Subject to criticism on account of imperfect enforcement, the patent law system has produced a stock of patents which has grown rapidly alongside economic growth. The success rate of patent applications is similar across the country despite the considerable regional disparities in income and in the level of innovation. This paper presents a simple model of patent production in China derived from the patent law system that also considers the relevant contextual factors that could influence innovation. The main innovation input of R&D personnel is found to be a significant determinant of patents. While per capita GDP increases the propensity to innovate across all regions, notable heterogeneity exists whereby the coastal, central and interior areas are associated with different factors that produce innovation and influence the innovation process. The paper concludes that China's imperfect IPR system is nevertheless generating innovation as the country develops and hinges on the key factor of researchers.     

Overcoming the problems of variable interaction: Notes regarding empirical and conceptual issues in innovation theory building

Innovation research has been characterized by findings which are either considered unstable or inconsistent. This article addresses some of the methodological issues that arise when one attempts to test interactive models of innovation, describes how one particular algorithm — AID-3 — can be used to refine the use of general linear models, and proposes a research strategy based on a building mode of innovation theory. As such it functions as a “how to” for those interested in designing innovation studies and also as a theoretical piece aimed at re-organizing the goals and outputs of innovation research.     

论公务员创新能力

创新能力是公务员必备的一种能力,可以概括为创新思维能力、创新人格化能力和创新实践能力。提高公务员创新能力需要内外兼修,从公务员自身来说要勤于学习并优化思维方式,从组织层面来说要建立健全有利于创新的社会机制。     

行政法治视野中的社会管理创新

推进社会管理创新是当前确保国家安全、维护社会稳定、加快法治进程以及保障公民权利的一项重要工作。从行政法治的角度出发,推进社会管理创新、提高社会管理水平,首先,应当从思想上深化认识;其次,应当通过更新观念,在全社会树立起与社会管理创新相适应的新法治观念;最后,应当通过机制创新、方法创新推动社会管理创新。在此基础之上,探索出一条符合中国国情、具有中国特色的社会管理之路。这也是我国深化经济、政治和行政管理体制改革,推动行政民主化建设,发展新行政法制和行政法学的题中应有之义。     

Contextualising Regional Innovation Systems in a Globalising Learning Economy: On Knowledge Bases and Institutional Frameworks

In order to advance the understanding of which types of regional innovation system represent effective innovation support for what kinds of industry in different regions analyses must be contextualized by reference to the actual knowledge base of various industries as well as to the regional and national institutional framework, which strongly shape the innovation processes of firms. Of special importance is the linkage between the larger institutional frameworks of the national innovation and business systems, and the character of regional innovation systems. In making the arguments about a general correspondence between the macro-institutional characteristics of the economy and the dominant form and character of its regional innovation systems a link is provided to the literature on ‘varieties of capitalism’ and national business systems.     

The impact of the general data protection regulation on innovation and the global political economy

This paper attempts to outline how the General Data Protection Regulation might be positive not only for consumers and societal well-being but also for innovation in the digital age. Situated within the highly charged debate regarding the impact of regulations on innovation, this paper examines the General Data Protection Regulation in light of the theoretical facets underpinning the contexts in which regulation has a positive effect on innovation. These are in relation to firstly, tackling concentrated market power where too much concentration leads to the hampering of competitiveness and innovation. Secondly, structural features outlined in the Porter hypothesis that a regulation should have to promote innovation and thirdly, whether the General Data Protection Regulation falls within the scope of the Brussels effect and hence, levels the competitive playing field as well as helps shape the future of the digital economy. The General Data Protection Regulation's alignment with these three dimensions is outlined with certain deviations being noted.     

企业家技术创新力的经济学分析

企业的技术创新活动是在企业家（企业经营者）的领导、推动下进行的。企业的技术创新能力与企业家的创新能力和创新动力有密切关系,它们的整合构成了企业家的创新力。从经济学的角度看,企业家从事创新活动的动力来自创新活动对于企业家的效用,即他在创新活动中得到的收益与付出的成本之差。因此,增加企业家的创新收益,减少其创新成本是提高他们的技术创新力的基本方法。     

企业技术创新与实施知识产权战略的法律运行机制研究（下）

国家知识产权战略是我国近几年来提出和推动的国家战略实施形式,而技术创新战略要求确立企业为技术创新主体的战略思想。加强企业技术创新能力建设是一个综合性的系统工程,涉及企业外部创新环境、支持条件和内部创新资源和能力的整合,而知识产权战略实施是企业实现技术创新的重要保障。技术创新与实施知识产权战略具有密切的互动关系,技术创新成为知识产权战略的重要目标,而知识产权战略对企业培育自主创新能力具有重要的推进作用。总体上,需要建立企业技术创新与知识产权战略融合的法律运行机制。     

新时代专利导航的理论构建与实践路径

当前,专利导航已进入国家宏观政策及规划的决策视野,应用价值巨大,社会影响力和关注度持续提高。审视已开展的专利导航项目实践发现,过于注重操作规范,对理论机理的丰富和发展不足,导致现有专利导航项目实施中存在若干具有共性的盲区或误区,亟待对专利导航的基本概念和基础理论等进行理性审视和深度思考。在澄清专利导航基本概念、内涵和作用机理的基础上,详细阐述区域规划类、产业规划类和创新主体类等主要类型专利导航的工作基本流程和实务操作要点,为项目实施方有的放矢地开展专利导航实践提供行动指南和理论支撑。未来,应加快建立以大数据为支撑的系统化的专利导航工作架构,适时丰富和完善基础理论和导航理念,优化工作机制,加强专利导航机制与创新决策机制的有机融合,充分发挥专利导航对产业技术创新的引领支撑作用,为我国产业真正走出一条自主可控的创新发展之路提供保障。     

推动吉林省民营经济创新发展的对策

党的十八届三中全会首次提出,使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用,深化经济体制改革,这必然为民营经济带来新一轮蓬勃发展的机遇。吉林省民营经济只有创新发展才有生存空间和立足之地。本文针对吉林省民营经济创新发展存在的＂四个不够＂、＂六多六少＂和＂六个困难＂等问题,提出了树立创新理念和培育创业精神,培养和引进创新型人才,营造公平、和谐、宽松的发展环境,选择适合发展的产业和经营方式以及适时转型和提升传统产业的创新发展等对策。     

企业技术创新与实施知识产权战略的法律运行机制研究（上）

国家知识产权战略是我国近几年来提出和推动的国家战略实施形式,而技术创新战略要求确立企业为技术创新主体的战略思想。加强企业技术创新能力建设是一个综合性的系统工程,涉及企业外部创新环境、支持条件和内部创新资源和能力的整合,而知识产权战略实施是企业实现技术创新的重要保障。技术创新与实施知识产权战略具有密切的互动关系,技术创新成为知识产权战略的重要目标,而知识产权战略对企业培育自主创新能力具有重要的推进作用。总体上,需要建立企业技术创新与知识产权战略融合的法律运行机制。