Assessing change in dynamic risk factors in forensic psychiatric inpatients: relationship with psychopathy and recidivism

This study explored change in dynamic risk for violence using the Clinical and Risk Management subscales of the Historical Clinical and Risk Management-20 version 3 (HCR-20 v3) and sought to determine whether change was associated with violent recidivism. The association between the magnitude of change and psychopathy was also assessed. Participants were 40 male (n = 32) and female (n = 8) forensic psychiatric inpatients discharged from a secure forensic mental health service. Results showed that participants significantly improved on the HCR-20v3 Clinical subscale but significantly worsened on the Risk Management subscale. Psychopathy was unrelated to change in Clinical and Risk Management subscales. The hypothesis that changes in dynamic risk would predict recidivism over and above total pre-treatment risk (HCR-20v3 Total score) and psychopathy was not supported. These results suggest that improvements in mental state risk factors alone are insufficient with regard to lowering violence risk.     

Predictive accuracy of static risk factors for Canadian Indigenous offenders compared to non-Indigenous offenders: implications for risk assessment scales

ABSTRACT

The over-representation of Indigenous offenders in Canadian prisons highlights the importance of research on the generalizability of potential static risk factors for this group. The current investigation examined whether 87 static indicators currently assessed in Canadian federal prisons were differentially present and related to outcomes (revocations, general recidivism, and violent recidivism) for Indigenous (n?=?1500) and non-Indigenous (n?=?6684) male federal offenders. The follow-up was eight months for revocations and five years for any/violent recidivism. Indigenous offenders scored significantly higher risk than non-Indigenous offenders on the majority of the indicators (particularly criminal history indicators). Generally, most criminal history indicators and some offence severity indicators predicted revocations, general, and violent recidivism for Indigenous offenders; however, several of the indicators had significantly lower accuracy for Indigenous offenders (particularly criminal history indicators). Overall, Indigenous offenders are a higher risk population and several static risk indicators do not perform as well for this group as for non-Indigenous offenders. Nonetheless, there were numerous static indicators that did predict outcomes for Indigenous offenders. The current findings suggest that it is possible to meaningfully assess static risk for recidivism among Indigenous offenders.     

网络环境下远程医疗若干法律问题初探

目前,世界上还没有国家通过立法认定远程医疗。远程医疗对人类医疗卫生事业的发展有着重大而深远的意义。自主性、契约性、地域性决定了远程医疗不同的法律特征及其调整机制。网络环境下的远程医疗涉及到计算机、法律、伦理等诸多领域的问题。本文选择了远程医疗设备评估、许可证及隐私权的保护等几个法律问题进行探讨。     

修订版外显攻击行为量表用于精神疾病患者危险行为评估

目的 探讨修订版外显攻击行为量表(Modified Overt Aggression Scales,MOAS)对精神疾病患者危险行为评估的价值.方法 采用MOAS对隶属公安、卫生、民政系统的3家精神卫生机构(安康监管病区、华西心理卫生中心、德康救治病区)共490名精神疾病患者根据痛史资料进行评估. 结果 无危险行为31...     

医疗技术发展风险抗辩

本文从医疗纠纷处理的难点出发 ,结合医疗损害事件向无过错责任转化的趋势。提出医疗核技术发展风险抗辩 ,作为医方免责理由 ,并分析了此抗辩的构成要件 ,与相关因素。     

Socially desirable responding and psychometric assessment of dynamic risk in sexual offenders against children

Does socially desirable responding (SDR) represent a threat to the validity of dynamic risk assessment in sex offenders’ self-reports? We studied a sample of men (N?=?218) who completed a psychometric assessment battery while enrolled at Kia Marama, a prison-based treatment program for sexual offenders against children. SDR, as measured by the Marlowe-Crowne scale, was elevated compared to non-offender samples, increased from pre- to post-treatment, and was negatively correlated with dynamic risk (rs?=??.30 to ?.40), consistent with previous research. Measures of dynamic risk factors derived from the psychometric battery were correlated with sexual recidivism, but correlations were little changed when variance associated with SDR was removed using a regression procedure [Mills, J. F., &; Kroner, D. G. (2006). Impression management and self-report among violent offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(2), 178–192.]. These results suggest that there is a substantial component of the variance in psychometric self-reports of sexual offenders that is associated with SDR (approximately 10%), but that it does not compromise the predictive or construct validity of dynamic risk measures derived from these reports.     

Examining psychopathy from an attachment perspective: the role of fear of rejection and abandonment

A key feature of psychopathy, a self-centered orientation towards others and a failure to truly connect, is poorly understood. The attachment framework can be used to examine underlying interpersonal mechanisms. Because of the overall failure to connect, we anticipated, and found, in a large undergraduate sample (n?=?1074) that both affective-interpersonal traits and impulsive-irresponsible psychopathy facets were positively related to attachment avoidance. Different dynamics may underlie this distancing from others, as evidenced by the fact that callous-unemotionality was negatively related to attachment anxiety, whereas grandiose-manipulative and impulsive-irresponsible traits were positively related to attachment anxiety. Although effect sizes were small and are of correlational nature, our results are in line with a dual deficit model that differential developmental trajectories, largely heritable callousness vs. neglecting and abusive parenting, may lead to adult psychopathy. The differentiating role of fear of rejection and abandonment for the psychopathy construct is discussed.     

知情同意原则下医疗过失损害赔偿责任的几个问题--从一起患者知情同意纠纷案说起

知情同意原则所保护的客体是自我决定权.知情同意原则下的损害赔偿责任不同于医疗事故损害赔偿责任.二者不能互相否认.医方违反知情同意原则的责任是一种侵权损害赔偿责任.该责任的构成要件可包括(1)医师存在法定的告知义务;(2)医师未能将对患者的决定产生实质性影响的风险/信息告知患者;(3)在告知不充分的情况下,患者由于选择了当前的治疗方案而受到伤害;(4)医师的义务违反与患者的伤害之间存在因果关系.其中,告知义务是否充分的判断应以处于同样情境的一个理性患者所需作为主要的标准;对信息"实质性"的判定应看一个与患者处于同一位置的合理审慎之人在决定是否对所建议的治疗做出同意时会对某一事实赋加重要性或将该事实作为一"决定性"影响因素加以考虑;在因果关系存无的认定上,则要考虑若患者被充分告知实情他是否会做出不同的选择决定.     

知情同意原则下医疗过失损害赔偿责任的几个问题--从一起患者知情同意纠纷案说起

知情同意原则所保护的客体是自我决定权。知情同意原则下的损害赔偿责任不同于医疗事故损害赔偿责任。二者不能互相否认。医方违反知情同意原则的责任是一种侵权损害赔偿责任。该责任的构成要件可包括：(1)医师存在法定的告知义务；(2)医师未能将对患者的决定产生实质性影响的风险／信息告知患者；(3)在告知不充分的情况下，患者由于选择了当前的治疗方案而受到伤害；(4)医师的义务违反与患者的伤害之间存在因果关系。其中，告知义务是否充分的判断应以处于同样情境的一个理性患者所需作为主要的标准；对信息“实质性”的判定应看一个与患者处于同一位置的合理审慎之人在决定是否对所建议的治疗做出同意时会对某一事实赋加重要性或将该事实作为一“决定性”影响因素加以考虑；在因果关系存无的认定上，则要考虑若患者被充分告知实情他是否会做出不同的选择决定。     

Assessing the Risk of Domestic Violence Reoffending: A Validation Study

Little research has been conducted to validate available instruments for assessing the risk of domestic violence reoffending, especially research using some form of prospective design. This study uses a prospective design to determine the reliability and validity of the Domestic Violence Screening Instrument (DVSI). The analysis is based on a sample of 1,465 male domestic violence offenders selected consecutively over a 9-month period. Data on reoffending were collected in a 6-month follow-up period from a subsample of the victims (N = 125) of these perpetrators and from official records for all perpetrators during an 18-month follow-up period. The empirical results suggest that the DVSI was administered reliably, and they provide significant evidence of the concurrent, discriminant, and predictive validity of this instrument. Implications for further research and utilization of the DVSI are discussed.     

论西部开发法治

文章深入系统地论述了开展西部开发法治研究的必要性、重要意义、丰富内容、基本思路和方法 ,并就西部开发法治的价值功能以及构建西部开发法治保障体系的若干重要问题阐述了作者自己的研究心得。     

Assessment of violence risk in youth for juvenile court: relevant factors for clinical judgment

BACKGROUND: Assessment of violence risk in youth for juvenile court needs to be improved. AIM: To determine which items of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) are recorded in pre-trial mental health evaluations and which of these items are associated with the clinical judgment of the risk of violent recidivism. METHOD: A total of one hundred forensic diagnostic juvenile court files were rated with regard to the presence or absence of the thirty SAVRY risk items: ten historical, six contextual and eight individual items, and six protective items. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to examine the relationship between SAVRY risk items and the clinical judgment of violence risk. RESULTS: Most SAVRY-items had been recorded in the files. However, five historical items and the contextual item 'rejection by peers' did not appear in 25-62% of the files. Especially SAVRY items like 'negative-attitudes' and 'psychopathic traits' were the most powerful predictors for clinical judgment of high violence risk. Unexpectedly, historical items played a minor role in clinical judgment. CONCLUSION: Prospective research is needed with the use of SAVRY-items to improve evidence based violence risk assessment in court ordered mental health evaluations of youngsters.     

Assessing dynamic risk and protective factors in the community: examining the validity of the Dynamic Risk Assessment for Offender Re-entry

Recently, there has been a growing interest in advancing the state of offender risk assessment: particularly through the development of risk instruments to assist with parole management and the incorporation of protective factors specific to re-entry. The current study's aim was to validate a measure of stable and acute dynamic risk factors and protective factors used by probation officers managing offenders in the community: the Dynamic Risk Assessment for Offender Re-Entry (DRAOR). Empirical examination of the structure of DRAOR scores soon after release from prison suggested four components, rather than the theoretically proposed three-subscale structure. Both the original three subscales and the four new subscales showed good convergent validity with other dynamic risk instruments, and reliably predicted new convictions; however, only the new stable component added significant incremental predictive power over existing static and dynamic risk instruments. These findings provide initial support for the validity of the DRAOR; suggestions for future research are discussed.     

《鹿特丹规则》下货物控制权若干问题浅析

《鹿特丹规则》引入了货物控制权制度,货物控制权的性质是合同请求权。货物控制权与合同变更有着密切的关系,对货方而言,合同变更权比货物控制权可能更有意义。货物控制权的控制方在一定条件下可以成为运输合同的当事人。     

试论精神病鉴定的启动

精神病鉴定的启动权归属问题一直颇具争议,针对目前精神病鉴定启动程序的现状与问题,对国外相关法律制度进行考察与借鉴,不难发现,当事人启动模式在我国当前的司法环境中不适宜推行,会遇到某些难以逾越的现实障碍,其可行路径是在现有公检法机关启动的模式基础上稍加完善,适当限制公检法机关启动精神病鉴定的自由裁量权,以保障当事人的合法权利.     

基因犯罪初探：以风险社会为视角

基因犯罪是伴随着基因技术而产生,因基因技术不当研发、滥用所带来的以及侵犯基因资源、基因信息的严重危险、危害行为。基因犯罪往往关联着不可预知的基因风险,基因风险是系统性的、不可测量性的、人为建构性的、复杂性的新型风险;它正是“风险社会”中典型的风险型态。刑法须由法益保护的基点,转换到风险控制的维度,方能有效应对。     

风险行政的预防原则

风险预防不同于危险防御,其适用于科学上不确定的风险行政领域,在我国具有法律原则的重要地位。为了更好地保护基本权利,国家可以根据预防原则设计风险预防机制,并在特定条件下采取一定的风险预防措施。但因为风险的不确定性,国家在采取风险预防措施时存在较大的裁量空间,也容易侵害经营自由、科研自由或引发贸易纠纷。故而,如果某产品有潜在的负面效果,经风险评估判明存在科学上的不确定性,方可决定采取风险预防措施。在采取措施时,国家应当遵守比例原则、平等对待原则等要求,应当说明理由,保障公众的参与机会,并根据情况变化在事后进行评估与调整,以提高措施的可接受性、充实风险信息。在风险预防措施的合法性引起争讼时,因存在科学上的不确定性而难以适用客观性举证责任,应由双方主体在各自的责任范围内举证说明,以帮助法院解明案情,适时作出裁判。     

评山中敬一的客观归属论

山中敬一是日本刑法学界研究客观归属论的代表者。他以传统理论的局限性和现代社会的需要为切入点,展开以危险制造和危险实现为基本要素的客观归属论。山中的客观归属理论不足有三:一是前提性分析不充分,忽漏了对作为意识问题的主体及参加到归属过程中的参与者的分析;二是缺乏对现代社会风险的深刻洞见,没有超越传统因果关系论的局限;三是客观归属类型的预设目标不明确,过于复杂从而难以把握,而且存在漏洞。     

试论现代汉语核心句的句义结构类型

作为语法研究的一个有顶组成部分，句义结构的类型研究必须要遵循语形语义相结合的基本原则，本根据区别性语义特征将现代汉语基础表义结构分为属性，方们，领属，识别，感知，自身动作，涉客动作等七小类，并采用谓词逻辑对各小类基础表义结构的内部语义配置式进行描写，指出现代汉语句子的语义成分是一个逐层概括的层级系统，现代汉语核心锯的语义结构有五种基本类型。