核武器与冷战时期美国对苏联的政策

冷战时期,作为维护国家安全的重要工具,核武器在美国对苏联的政策中发挥了重要作用。美国政府不仅在战后初期坚持核保密政策,而且还多次利用核武器对苏联施加压力,以迫使其在政治上和外交上做出让步,并制定了一系列针对苏联的核作战计划。与此同时,为了保持对苏联的核优势地位,对苏联构成有效的威慑,美国政府不断加强核力量的建设,使得美苏之间的核军备竞赛愈演愈烈,并使双方走到了核战争的边缘,从而使得美苏决策者都认识到,限制核军备竞赛对双方至关重要,美苏关系也由此进入了相对缓和的时期。及至20世纪70年代,限制战略武器谈判成为美国对苏政策的重要内容。     

专题研究 冷战时期美国对外战略的回顾与反思

编者按第二次世界大战结束后不久,便开始了以美国和苏联为主要对手的东西方两大政治、军事和经济集团之间的冷战。1991年12月苏联解体,标志着冷战已彻底走下历史舞台,距今已40年。东西方冷战是20世纪下半叶国际关系的主旋律,它对第二次世界大战以后人类社会历史进程的影响极为广泛、重大与深远,因而一直都是重要的学术研究课题。冷战期间,已出版很多相关研究成果,但绝大多数是美国学者的作品,所使用的研究素材也主要是美国的解密档案文献。     

国际社会与美伊战争

“ 9·11”后,美国一直在寻找以“反 恐”打击伊拉克,推翻萨达姆政权(“打伊倒萨”)的机会,但苦于没有伊拉克与国际恐怖主义联系的确凿证据,只好暂时作罢。在阿富汗取得推翻塔利班政权,铲除“基地”组织的胜利后,美国再次将“打伊倒萨”排到了议事日程首位,并将其作为第二阶段“反恐”战争的主要目标。为了争     

美国在战争中如何利用宣传媒体

美英联军对伊拉克的军事行动数月前落下帷幕。美国之所以能够在短短的三周内取得胜利,除了美国军事实力的强大,不同于海湾战争时的战略,精密制导武器的运用,地面部队的灵活变幻以及情报信息系统的灵敏外,还有一个不容忽视的是美国媒体在战争中的作用。从20世纪90年代以来美国发动的几场战争可以看出,宣传媒体对战争的胜败起着重要作用。     

伊拉克战争后美国外交战略的调整

伊拉克战争是美国推行以反恐为第一要务的新霸权战略的一个重要步骤。战后,美国的外交战略出现了一些新的动向,值得我们注意和研究。较为突出的有以下四点。 一、新保守主义势力 对美国外交的影响明显增大 布什政府本来就具有保守主义倾向。布什内阁中的拉姆斯菲尔德、切尼、赖斯     

从伊拉克战争看美国全球战略走向

美国对伊拉克战争速战速决,再次显示了美国强大的军事实力。战后,美国是不顾各国反对、继续推行单边主义和“先发制人”战略,还是会由于顾忌各国强烈反对而使“反恐”适可而止?这次战争将对美国今后战略走向产生什么重大影响?美国今后将如何重点推行其全球战略?这些都是当前人们普遍关注的问题。本文拟对这些问题进行探讨,并从中窥探美国全球战略走向。     

美国隐蔽宣传行动与苏东剧变

隐蔽宣传行动是美国冷战战略体系的重要一环。冷战爆发后,美国政府通过一系列重要文件确立了对苏联东欧集团实施隐蔽宣传行动的政策,并对苏联东欧集团实施了包括隐蔽的无线电广播、图书项目、释放气球、制造假消息、支持非政府组织活动和公共外交等大量隐蔽宣传行动。这些行动与其他公开宣传互相配合,潜移默化地改变了苏联集团受众的思想信念,激发了他们对现政权和社会制度的不满与对西方自由民主制度的向往,传播了各地反抗的信息,对20世纪80年代末的苏东剧变起了十分重要的滴水穿石和煽风点火的作用。     

The Image of the Loyal African During World War II and its Postwar Use by the French Communist Party

In 1926, the United States (US) company Firestone Rubber in Akron, Ohio initiated a second practice of segregation in Liberia. The first practice began with the minority regime of the Afro-American settlers over 17 ethnic groups in the Republic of Liberia in 1847. Civil rights were unheard of in Liberia during either of these two periods. This changed when Liberian students travelled to the US on government scholarships, primarily to study in historical black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in the 1940s and 1950s. When the Liberian students were exposed to the Civil Rights Movement, they fully understood the injustice of the situation in Liberia. Dr Martin Luther King, Jr and others travelled to the Gold Coast for its transition into becoming the nation of Ghana on 6 March 1957. Meetings between King and Prime Minister Kwame Nkrumah led to collaborative efforts towards ending colonial racism in Africa and segregation in the US. During the Cold War, segregation in the US and Liberia was a source of shame for both nations. Liberian students returning from the US began “sit-ins” in protest against segregated Firestone facilities. The Liberian government responded by enacting its first Civil Rights Act against Firestone in 1958 and ending discrimination, except in segregated schools. This article shows, however, that it took more than another 30 years for the first decolonisation process to end the minority regime after the Civil Rights Acts of 1958, and to end the original form of ethnic segregation, which began in 1847 and ended as a result of the violent civil wars of the 1980s and 1990s.     

抗美援朝与20世纪后半叶的中国和世界--专家学者对一些反常动向和错误言论的剖析

半个世纪以前,在朝鲜半岛发生了一场局部的世界战争.1950年6月25日,朝鲜北南双方在一系列军事摩擦之后爆发了大规模内战;随即,美国打着联合国的旗号悍然出兵干涉朝鲜内政,同时封锁我台湾海峡、轰炸我东北边疆;10月下旬,中国人民志愿军在朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的请求下跨过鸭绿江,抗美援朝,保家卫国.     

U.S. Counterterrorism Operations during the Iraq War: A Case Study of Task Force 714

U.S. counterterrorism (CT) forces that deployed to Iraq in 2003 as Task Force 714 (TF 714) faced an ugly surprise. Tasked to dismantle the al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) dominated insurgency, the organization could not achieve that mission. General Stanley McChrystal, who commanded TF 714 concluded, “we were losing to an enemy … we should have dominated.” But TF 714 transformed in the midst of war and during 2006-2009 was able to largely dismantle AQI's clandestine networks to a degree that they could no longer function in a cohesive manner. By developing the capacity to operate inside those networks, TF 714 was able, in the words of General McChrystal, to “claw the guts out of AQI.” This transformation runs counter to what organizational experts identify as barriers inhibiting militaries from learning, innovating, and changing, especially in wartime. To decipher the puzzle of how TF 714 overcame these barriers, two questions are addressed in this study: 1) How did TF 714 transform from a specialized and compartmented unit customized for executing infrequent CT missions in peacetime to a wartime industrial-strength CT machine that by 2009 dismantled AQI's networks that operated across Iraq; and 2) Why was TF 714 able to achieve this remarkable transformation?     

U.S. Policy on Terrorism: In Search of an Answer

An analysis of three years of suicide bombing data in Israel reveals an increase in such attacks through March 2002 followed by a steep decline through the end of 2003. The authors propose a terror-stock model that treats the suicide bombing attack rate as a function of the number of terrorists available to plan and execute suicide bombings. The intent of Israeli tactics such as targeted killings and preemptive arrests is to reduce the capacity of terror organizations to commit attacks. When fit to the data, this model suggests that the targeted killing of terror suspects sparks estimated recruitment to the terror stock that increases rather than decreases the rate of suicide bombings. Surprisingly, only the deaths of suspected terrorists, and not Palestinian civilians, are associated with such estimated recruitment. Although Israeli actions have reduced the rate of suicide bombings over time, it is preventive arrests rather than targeted killings that seem more responsible for this outcome.