Six general principles of intelligence

The KGB's loyal critic

Oleg Kalugin (with Fern Montaigne): The First Directorate: My 32 Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West St. Martin's Press, New York, 1994, 375 p., $23.95.

Marks for the Marxists

Craig R. Whitney: Spy Trader: Germany's Devil's Advocate and the Darkest Secrets of the Cold War Times Books/Random House, New York, 1993, 375 p., $25.00.

Miffed in Canada

Mike Frost and Michel Gratton: Spyworld: Inside the Canadian and American Intelligence Establishments Doubleday Canada Limited, 1994, 280 p., $29.95 Cdn.

Will we ever know?

Pavel Sudoplatov and Anatoli Sudoplatov with Jerrold L. and Leona P. Schecter: Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness — A Soviet Spymaster; Foreword by Robert Conquest Little, Brown and Company, Boston and New York, 1994, 532 p., $24.95.

Defense's tormented soul

Townsend Hoopes and Douglas Brinkley: Driven Patriot: The Life and Times of James Forrestal Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1992, 387 p., $30.00.

Anti‐Semitic spies

John Loftus and Mark Aarons: The Secret War Against the Jews: How Western Espionage Betrayed The Jewish People St. Martin's Press, New York, 1994, 658 p., $26.95.     

Securitization,history, and identity: some conceptual clarifications and examples from politics of Finnish war history

This article shows how we can use the securitization framework to study extreme history politics. Securitization refers to a speech act or discursive process in which an actor makes a claim that some referent object, deemed worthy of survival, is existentially threatened. If successful, securitization justifies the use of extraordinary measures to counter the threat. After introducing the concept of securitization in detail, the article presents three ways in which history and securitization can be connected: history can serve as a facilitating condition of securitization; history can be explicitly used to strengthen a securitizing move; or history, or a particular interpretation of it, can be the referent object of securitization. The second half of the article is devoted to a discussion on the role of history in the securitization of national identities. Historical myths are the standard building blocks of national identities; challenging these myths can be presented as threats to the survival of the nation. The article also discusses potential forms of resistance against securitization of history/national identities. Illustrative examples from the political use of WWII history in Finland will be used to show the practical consequences of various conceptual choices.     

令人瞩目的美国情报部门改革

以中央情报局(CIA)、联邦调查局(FBI)等机构为核心的美国情报机构一直是美国为之炫耀的资本,但是"9·11"恐怖袭击事件发生后,在"为什么遭受打击的偏偏是美国"的疑问声中,情报机构也成为人们指责和质疑的焦点.而在2003年伊拉克"情报门"事件中,人们对美情报机构的问责声也达到了顶点.