刑法第306条存与废:倾听法律职业人的声音

刑法第306条(又称律师伪证罪)从其诞生之日起就面临着当存还是当废的巨大争议,这些争议或来自学理或来自实践中的相关利益群体。2009年底至2010年初的李庄案再次使得这一争论从幕后转至台前。通过考察法律职业人对第306条的真实态度,可以深入地发掘争议背后的社会因素:即司法机关观念上的误区;诉讼结构的不合理;追诉程序上的瑕疵,从而从实体和程序上为刑法第306条的未来寻求一条理性的出路———存而慎用。     

但书、罪量与扒窃入罪

刑法修正案八生效以来,扒窃应否一律入罪、但书是否得为扒窃的出罪依据之争,困扰着我国刑法理论研究与司法实务。解决这一问题的理论前提是,建立对但书及其规制下的罪量类型、政策机能、体系定位、出罪机制的基本共识,消除刑法知识转型时代不同话语系统囿于语境差异的对话困难。通过以阶层犯罪论体系与我国刑法规定为背景,立足于刑法教义学与刑事政策的融通,分析我国刑法特有的罪量要素的类型与政策功能,可以认为,扒窃包含为但书所规制并须结合刑法的规范保护目的进行涵摄的罪量要素。从扒窃行为的客观不法与“扒手”的人的主观不法两个维度,才能揭示扒窃的规范含义,并据以依次判断扒窃行为是否该当扒窃型盗窃罪的构成要件。扒窃作为盗窃罪的不法行为定型,既表明我国刑法包含涵摄罪量要素,也展现了我国刑法以行为不法为基础,重视人的不法的新动向。     

有组织犯罪的刑事责任与刑罚问题研究

有组织犯罪已成为各国各地区立法、司法部门以及刑法理论界普遍关注的问题。本文主要就有组织犯罪的刑事责任 ,包括犯罪组织内部个人刑事责任的承担及犯罪组织的刑事责任问题进行了讨论 ,并对我国刑法关于有组织犯罪刑罚的规定提出了一些修改完善的建议。     

A Full Stop to Amnesty in Argentina: The Simon Case

In Simón, the Argentine Supreme Court held that two amnestylaws, adopted in the late 1980s in order to shield authors ofserious human rights violations committed during the so-called‘Dirty War’ (1976–1983), were unconstitutionaland void. Although the Argentine Congress had already repealedthe two laws in 2003, uncertainty about the validity of thisparliamentary decision had led to some controversy. With itsdecision in Simón, the Supreme Court puts an end to thelegal uncertainty concerning the prosecution of serious humanrights violations committed under the military regime and definitivelyclears the path for judicial actions against their authors.Setting aside deeply rooted national legal principles —such as statutory limitations, the principle of legality andamnesties — the Argentine Supreme Court has confirmedthe role of human rights principles and of public internationallaw in general in dealing with the most heinous crimes againsthumanity.     

Disposition of insanity acquittees in the United States Military

Recent amendments to the United States Code of Military Justice have essentially adopted the federal mental nonresponsibility rule or insanity defense. The prior standard, as outlined in the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code, has been abandoned. Notably absent is a system to address the disposition of the military insanity acquittee. This raises concerns regarding recidivism and the military's role in mitigating potential dangerousness. Relevant civilian and military law is reviewed, two cases described, and possible remedies proposed.     

The psychiatrist's guide to right and wrong: Part III: Postpartum depression and the "appreciation" of wrongfulness

Whether or not the psychiatrist testifies on the ultimate issue in insanity defense cases, it is critically important that he familiarize himself with the applicable legal standards and interpretations in order properly to relate his clinical findings to the relevant criteria for insanity and thereby enhance the probative value of his testimony. This is the third in a series of articles which attempts to explicate judicial and statutory standards of insanity and correlate them with the psychiatrist's findings of psychopathology. This article analyzes the Model Penal Code formulation of insanity, with special emphasis on the all important distinction between "know" and "appreciate." This formulation permits the defendant possessed of mere surface knowledge or cognition to be exculpated, requiring that he have a deeper affective appreciation of the legal and moral import of the conduct involved if he is to be held criminally responsible. The Model Penal Code approach more readily lends itself to application as a standard of responsibility in cases involving affective disorders. An important disorder within this group, postpartum depression, is discussed in the context of raising the insanity defense in a case of infanticide.     

身份犯之共犯:以比较法为视角的考察

共犯与身份是刑法理论上一个较为疑难的问题,德国、日本以及我国台湾地区刑法典对此都有明文规定,因此形成关于共犯之身份犯的教义学原理。我国刑法并没有关于共犯与身份问题的一般性规定,而只是在刑法分则中存在个别性规定以及在有关刑法解释中存在规定,并且这种规定也经历了一个演变过程。本文采用德日刑法学关于共犯之身份犯的教义学原理,结合我国刑法与司法解释的规定,对共犯之身份犯的定罪及量刑问题进行了较为细致的分析。本文对于从法理上正确理解共犯之身份犯,并为共犯与身份的立法与司法完善,具有一定的参考价值。     

On War,Peace and Armed Conflicts

In general, the relationship between rule and conduct is dominated by the concept of linear causality: the legal rule causes effect in social practice. The case study on Article 96 of the Dutch Constitution (democratic procedures for the war declaration) and Article 102 of the Dutch Penal Code (the offence: aiding the enemy in war time) makes clear that this concept is too simplistic for the complex processes that took place. The clear dividing point between war and peace — i.e., the war declaration that initiates the legal state of war — no longer exists, since a third category —'armed conflicts' — that was 'constituted' in social practice and is positioned 'somewhere' between peace and war. Exact demarcation for this category is problematic. This phenomenon has far-reaching consequences for the meaning of the Articles, mentioned above.     

预备犯普遍处罚原则的困境与突围——《刑法》第22条的解读与重构

《刑法》第22条赋予预备行为以刑事可罚性,并规定了预备犯普遍处罚原则。这一规定存在正当性、必要性、操作性与实效性等方面的诸多问题。我国司法通过刑事政策、但书规定、目的论限缩解释以及刑事证明、罪疑从无等路径,对普遍处罚原则予以救济和限缩,基本实现了预备犯例外处罚的实践理性。但是,突破预备犯普遍处罚原则困境的根本之道仍在立法重构,即预备犯的刑法规制应实现从普遍处罚到例外处罚、从总则规范到分则规范、从形式预备犯到实质预备犯的模式转换。     

Improving health care safety and quality: reluctant regulators

The Penal Code is the main of source of criminal law and criminal offences in Malawi. Unfortunately, as the results of a survey show, many people in Malawi do not understand the provisions of the Penal Code. This article examines aspects of the language of the Penal Code which impede people’s understanding of the provisions. The article recommends that the Penal Code be amended and redrafted in a language which the audience can understand.     

古今惩贪与治盗的宽严比较

考释中国古代贪赃、官盗、民盗等罪名与刑罚,审视现行刑法中的贪污、盗窃罪名与刑罚。比较古今:古严惩官贪,宽治民盗,今则严惩民盗,宽待官贪。传统的立法经验大有借鉴的意义,现行刑法极有修改的必要。     

Some Innovations in the Statute of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon

The Statute of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon contains severalremarkable innovations. One major novelty is its mandate. Whileits subject matter jurisdiction includes terrorism, this isdefined solely on the basis of Lebanese law. It does not coverany international crime, but exclusively offences defined underthe Lebanese Penal Code. Unusually for a court of internationalcharacter, its activities could be limited to a single case:the attack of 14 February 2005 which killed Rafiq Hariri and22 others; the Special Tribunal will try other cases only ifthey are found to be connected to this attack. As its jurisdictionmirrors the mandate of the UN International Independent InvestigationCommission, the Statute of the Special Tribunal contains originalprovisions regulating its relationship with this body, as wellas with the Lebanese judicial authorities, which enjoy concurrentcompetence. Other important innovations concern the applicableprocedural law, which includes provisions concerning a pre-trialjudge, the role of the judges in conducting the hearings, theparticipation of victims in proceedings, and the possibilityof holding trials in absentia. These latter aspects are allcharacteristic of Romano Germanic criminal systems, and reflectthe intention of the drafters to draw up a more efficient internationalcriminal procedure.     

Negligence,Mens Rea,and What We Want the Element of Mens Rea to Provide

It is widely agreed that the top three Model Penal Code culpability levels suffice for criminal liability, but the fourth is controversial. And it isn̵     

《瑞士民法典》之法官与法律的关系

著名的《瑞士民法典》第1条规定了法官与法律之间的关系.它一方面明确法官受法律约束,另一方面又赋予了法官在法律解释和填补法律漏洞时较大的裁量空间,甚至明确要求法官要“像立法者那样”行为,表达了立法者对法官的极大信任.此外,它还要求法官考虑经过检验的学理和遵循以往判例,这也是《瑞士民法典》第1条的特色之一.     

Koushal v Naz: Judges Vote to Recriminalise Homosexuality

In Koushal v Naz the Indian Supreme Court overturned a High Court judgment which had declared unconstitutional section 377 of the Indian Penal Code criminalising ‘carnal intercourse against the order of nature’. In doing so, it has rebranded gay and transgendered Indians as criminals. This case note explores some of the structural problems that led to this judgment. The first problem is the transformation of the Indian Supreme Court into a populist, quasi‐legislative, institution that sees itself as a tool of governance. This has put significant pressure on its counter‐majoritarian role. The second relates to the sheer size of the Court's docket (given its wide jurisdiction and lax standing rules), coupled with the Indian legal academy's inability and unwillingness to continuously demand judicial fidelity to the law. These factors have led to the normalisation of unreasoned or poorly‐reasoned judgments and a breakdown of stare decisis.     

Assisted reproduction and artificial insemination and genetic manipulation in the Criminal Code of the Federal District, Mexico]

The article that one presents has for purpose outline and comment on the recent modifications to the Penal Code for the Federal District of México which establish, for the first time, crimes related to the artificial procreation and to the genetic manipulation. Also one refers to the interaction of the new legal texts with the sanitary legislation of the country. Since it will be stated in some cases they present confrontations between the penal and the sanitary reglamentation and some points related to the legality or unlawfulness of a conduct that stayed without the enough development. These lacks will complicate the application of the new rules of the Penal Code of the Federal District.     

泰国刑法典关于刑事责任的规定及其借鉴意义

泰国刑法典关于刑事责任的规定,内容涉及故意、过失、错误、责任能力、正当化事由、可以减轻处罚的具体情况等方面,理论基础深厚,归责要素丰富,体系较完整,为正确适用刑罚提供了立法保障,并具有较强的先进性和科学性。借鉴泰国刑法典的立法经验,我国应加紧建立或完善刑事责任的刑法理论,以丰富刑事责任的归责要素;在刑法典中设专章规定刑事责任,以突出刑事责任的独立地位;科学构建我国刑事责任具体的归责要素内容和归责体系。     

Safeguarding the Independence and Impartiality of the Cambodian Extraordinary Chambers

The article focuses on one limited but vexed issue — howto safeguard judicial independence and impartiality in the CambodianExtraordinary Chambers (CEC). The author addresses some of themost problematic issues that she anticipates could diminishor hamper the possibility for judicial independence and impartialityat the CEC. To the extent possible, she offers workable andrealistic suggestions for dealing with the situation.     

Knowledge and Insanity

This paper lies at the intersection of law and logic. Logical analysis is employed to attempt to make headway in what has proven to be an intractable interpretive debate over a defence provision of the Indian Penal Code.