The forensic medical expertise of the victims of large-scale fires]

The difficulties of present-day forensic medical expert evaluation of poisonings in fires are explained by exposure of man to highly toxic compounds that form during burning of polymers. Analyzing forensic medical expert evaluations of a large number of victims dead in a large-scale fire, the authors emphasize the necessity of measuring not only dead people's blood levels of HbCO, but of some other toxic combustion products that may exert combined effects on human body. The authors think it desirable that criteria of forensic medical evaluation of combined poisoning in fire be defined.     

The forensic medical expertise of acute local radiation trauma]

Informative diagnostical criteria of medicolegal evaluation and prognosis of corporal lesion gravity in case of acute local radiation trauma as well as algorithm of medicolegal diagnostical process concerning these lesions with reference to external radiation exposure, kind of injuring factor, differential-diagnostical signs of acute local radiation trauma are suggested. They make it possible to formulate medicolegal diagnosis and can form the basis for developing diagnostical programmes.     

The structure of the conclusions in the forensic medical expertise of material evidence]

A new structure of conclusions including special chapter "Conclusion validity", which ensures their high availability for officials of legal investigation agencies is suggested. The examples of conclusion making on the basis of new form in case of blood, secretion and hair tests performed in two variants (known and unknown criminal) are presented.     

The use of emission spectrum analysis in the forensic medical expertise of gunshot wounds (experimental research)

Presents the methodology of experimental shots from various guns (n = 11) by common cartridges and of emission spectral analysis (ESA) which was used to study the regularities in deposition of "gunshot metals" at the site of gunshot injuries and to detect the characteristic differences in shooting with and without obstacles. Effects of some factors on deposition of metal components of gunshot products at the site of gunshot injuries are studied: type of gun, shell (with/without coating or semicoated), presence of obstacles, distance, and order of the shot. Results of studies are presented for some guns, which may be useful in forensic medical expert evaluations by means of ESA.     

The possible use of the dielectric indices of human hair in forensic medical expertise]

Method of measuring dielectric parameters of human hair was developed. It was shown that values of relative dielectric permeability of hair may serve as objective criteria in the course of determination of their similarity.     

The forensic medical expertise in trauma of male genitals

A damage inflicted to genitals organs (GO) affects the copulative functions, the sperm fertilizing ability and, as a whole, the reproductive function. Injuries to the external genital organs (EGO) due to immediate trauma are more often the case in the forensic medical practice; they are less often encountered in operative interventions in organs, which are close to the prostate or those having immediate direct links with the testicles or with the cavernous bodies of the penis, i.e. in case of an indirect trauma or an mediated effect on the functions of GO. Even if there is a smallest damage to the EGO region, the man needs to consult the urologist in the out-patient or in-patient medical institution. It is always necessary to asses a degree of severity to the health both by signs of duration to health disorders and by an outcome of injury with regard for trauma severity and possible impact on the reproductive function.     

The use of casts in studying stab-cutting wounds of the lungs

Possibilities of using casts of wound canals after organ stretching and fixation for determination of type of instrument used in case of stab-cut lung injuries were studied. In 70% of cases it was possible to make a conclusion on type and some parameters of cutting surface of an instrument used.     

医疗纠纷的法医学鉴定

目的研究医疗纠纷法医学鉴定的特点,并讨论医疗纠纷法医学鉴定的重点及难点。方法将医疗缺陷分为责任性缺陷、技术性缺陷、管理性缺陷、学科性缺陷和其他缺陷,对36件案例分别进行分类并进行统计。其中把18例由医疗事故鉴定委员会鉴定的结论与我室的鉴定结果进行比较分析,其他18例另行统计。结果36例案件中存在医疗缺陷的占86.11%,其中技术性缺陷66.67%,责任性缺陷和管理性缺陷均占25%。18例由医疗事故鉴定委员会鉴定的结论与我室的鉴定结果进行比较,医疗缺陷的认定两者有明显差异(P<0.05),对于医疗缺陷已对患者造成不良影响的认定,两者具有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论法医进行医疗纠纷的鉴定,对医疗纠纷诉讼案件的处理起着积极的作用。目前,医疗纠纷的法医学鉴定仍存在许多问题需要进一步讨论。     

The significance of developmental anomalies of the thyroid cartilage for the practice of forensic medical expertise]

The authors discuss developmental abnormalities of the thyroid cartilage and its injuries in blunt injuries of the neck. Basing on two cases, they describe developmental abnormalities (no joining between the superior horn and the lamina or complete absence of one of the superior horns) that during autopsies were considered, to be resultant from injuries.     

论法医学鉴定文书

概述 一、法医学鉴定文书的概念及其种类 法医学鉴定文书,是指法医学鉴定人接受委托和在检验、鉴定过程中形成的各种规范性文字、数据和图片(像)资料,以及根据检验所见和鉴定结论制作的书面报告的总称,也可以简称为法医学文书.关于法医学鉴定文书的名称问题,在传统法医学中仅见介绍过"法医学鉴定书”一词,而法医学鉴定书是法医学鉴定文书的一种.另外,我国法学界和司法部门使用的"诉讼文书(有称司法文书和法律文书)”与法医学鉴定文书的关系尚需进一步探讨,但诉讼文书中也涉及法医学鉴定文书的内容. 根据法医学鉴定文书的作用、特点,可以将其分为以下几类(如图示),该分类主要包括三个方面,鉴定程序和过程的文字记录;鉴定书;鉴定结论签发手续和应用反馈.     

论法医学鉴定文书

编者按：法医学是为法律服务的一门自然科学，其提供服务是通过鉴定实现的。鉴定在法医学，乃至法庭科学中占有极为重要的位置。然而，由于我国在司法鉴定立法方面很不完善，以及其他众所周知的原因，致使有关法医学鉴定的理论发展缓慢，很不系统，这不仅影响专业教育培养职业鉴定人，而且，也不利于充分发挥法医学鉴定的服务职能。为此，我们提出创建“法医鉴定学”，作为法医学的分支学科。法医鉴定学所涉及的内容较为广泛，其学科框架尚难明确界定。我刊从本期开始设“法医鉴定学”专题栏目，本期两篇文章，旨在抛砖引玉，特别是通常所称…