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1.
    
This review article suggests that there is a new school of comparative lobbying emerging. However, this development is taking place only gradually. Unlike the earlier studies, which studied corporatism/pluralism, outside lobbying and lobbying regulations, the new comparativists are mainly focusing on inside lobbying strategies and success as a function of country‐level factors. Yet, the literature still suffers from underdeveloped theories. I stress that our knowledge can be improved with better theorizing. Better theories, in turn, can be formulated by improving the use of quantitative data gathering, qualitative research, formal models and better communication between researchers working with different methodologies in different disciplines. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

2.
改革开放进入新时期以来,中国群体性事件的主体正在由事项利益群体转向身份利益群体。身份意识在结构上可细分为身份认同意识、身份利益意识、身份排斥意识和身份抗争意识,它们会对身份利益群体在群体性事件中的行为方式产生重要影响,并对冲突管理提出新的挑战。管理身份利益型冲突的目标、原则、策略和方式有别于事项利益型冲突,其管理目标应当定位于利益相关的各种身份群体间关系,促进各身份群体间的利益平衡;政府的角色应当居于中立地位,不偏不倚;管理机制和策略是设计公平和公开的身份群体间协商程序,并使协商过程和解决方案保持一定的透明度,以便形成能够在各身份群体间达致广泛共识的冲突解决方案。  相似文献   

3.
“金砖国家”概念的提出,是“金砖五国”等新兴经济体实力不断壮大并伴随全球经济格局深刻演变的产物。包括中国在内的五个新兴国家无论是在经济发展还是社会进步方面都受到了前所未有的瞩目,五国的反腐败及廉政建设亦是备受外界关注。近二十年来,金砖国家在反腐倡廉建设方面付出了诸多努力。但是,清廉指数3.4分左右的平均分仍然时刻提醒着各国腐败形势依旧严峻,反腐败工作还有很长的路要走。  相似文献   

4.
    
That Democrats are widely perceived as a pro-choice party while Republicans are generally perceived as a pro-life party seems apparent to even the most casual observer of American politics. Yet, this perception was not always as clear as it is today. Our understanding of the partisan evolution of the abortion issue in the United States is informed by previous research demonstrating that changes in the abortion issue at both the elite and mass level conform to Carmines and Stimson's issue evolution model of partisan dynamics. However, an important piece of this puzzle remains unresolved—how does the issue differentiation between the parties get communicated from elite party actors to the mass public? Analyzing over 30 years of several sources of news coverage on abortion, we show that over time, news stories revealed a closer link between particular interest groups and political parties, with the Republican Party becoming aligned with pro-life interest groups while the Democrats were identified with pro-choice groups. We posit that media coverage of the interaction between interest groups and political parties on abortion highlighted the issue's increasing political relevance in the minds of the American public and helped to communicate the parties' evolving issue positions to the wider electorate. Que el partido demócrata está a favor del aborto mientras que el partido republicano está en contra parece obvio aún para cualquier observador de la política estadounidense. A pesar de esto, esta división no siempre fue tan clara como lo es ahora. Nuestra comprensión de la evolución del tópico del aborto en los partidos de los Estados Unidos está fundada en investigaciones previas que demuestran que los cambios en el tema del aborto, tanto en la elite como el público, se ajustan al modelo de evolución de las dinámicas partidistas de Carmines and Stimson. Sin embargo, una pieza importante de este rompecabezas queda sin resolver—¿cómo se comunican las diferencias entre las posturas partidistas sobre diversos asuntos, desde las elites partidistas al público en general? Analizando varias fuentes sobre la cobertura de noticias del aborto por cerca de 30 años, demostramos que a través del tiempo las noticias revelan un vínculo más cercano entre grupos de intereses particulares y los partidos políticos, con el partido republicano favoreciendo a los grupos de interés pro-vida y los demócratas a los grupos pro-aborto. Proponemos que la cobertura de los medios sobre la interacción entre los grupos de interés y los partidos políticos sobre el aborto puso de manifiesto la creciente relevancia del tópico en las mentes del público estadounidense y ayudó a comunicar al electorado cómo evolucionaron las posiciones de los partidos.  相似文献   

5.
Recent empirical evidence suggests that decentralization challenges the stakes of democratic control by blurring responsibility attribution between levels of government. Exploring the implications of decentralization on accountability requires a better understanding of the conditions under which decentralization affects clarity of responsibility. The theoretical claim in this article is that these conditions are related to the particular design and duration of decentralization arrangements. To test this proposition, individual data from a system where decentralization varies both in design and duration – the Spanish State of Autonomies – are used. Results show that clarity of responsibility has worsened where decentralization has adopted a more intertwined (marble-cake) design and that individuals may “learn” on responsibility attribution the longer they experience a particular distribution of competences.  相似文献   

6.
我国国家与社会关系的法团主义特征对行业协会提出代表性的要求。但通过对作为民间商会典范的温州行业协会的调查表明,民间商会的代表性并不高,这主要表现为“一业多会”盛行、入会率不高、政治依附性和寡头化等。在影响民间商会代表性的因素中,既有中外行业协会发展中的共性因素(俱乐部组织边界、行业异质性),又有体现我国历史传统和政策环境的特殊因素(管理体制),还有包括二者的混合因素(治理机制)。对比德国、El本等法团主义国家商会的代表性,发现我国行业协会的代表性要求是对法团主义的一种误读,并且在我国不大可能按法团主义的模式构建行业协会的管理体制。因此,必需将民间商会代表性由“行业代表”重新定义为“会员代表”,然后从理顺行业协会的管理体制、优化行业协会的组织结构、完善民主机制、提升服务水平和取消政治激励等方面提升民间商会的代表性。  相似文献   

7.
    
Religious denominational advocacy groups present opportunities for grassroots representation, but it is necessary to understand the relationship between members' preferences and the advocacy decisions made by the organization. Previous research suggests that organizational characteristics and internal and external contexts may affect congruence, but this has not been thoroughly analyzed for denominational groups. I perform a comparative case study of two related denominational groups—the Southern Baptist Convention's Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission (ERLC) and the Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty (BJC)—that are active participants in church‐state advocacy but take divergent Establishment Clause views. I use survey data to compare the members' preferences with the group's position statements and amicus brief filings, finding that neither of the organizations mirror its members, though the ERLC is more congruent than the BJC. I argue that internal politics, external context, group structure, and membership characteristics impact the congruence between grassroots members and advocacy decisions. Los grupos religiosos mediáticos presentan una oportunidad para la representación comunitaria, pero es necesario entender la relación entre las preferencias de sus miembros y las decisiones tomadas por su organización. Investigaciones previas sugieren que las características organizacionales, así como el contexto interno y externo puede afectar la congruencia, pero esto no ha sido meticulosamente analizado en los grupos mediáticos. Yo realizo un análisis de caso comparativo de dos grupos mediáticos relacionados—la Comisión de Ética y Libertad Religiosa de la Convención Bautista del Sur (CERL) y el Comité Conjunto Bautista para la Libertad Religiosa (CCB)—que son participantes activos en la defensa de la iglesia‐estado pero que sostienen opiniones divergentes acerca de la Primera Enmienda a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos. Para este estudio utilizo datos de encuestas para comparar las preferencias de los miembros con la posición oficial de sus grupos y de una perspectiva imparcial, mostrando que ninguna de las organizaciones concuerda con sus miembros, aunque el CERL es más congruente que el CCB. Yo argumento que las políticas internas, el contexto exterior, la estructura grupal, y las características de afiliación tienen un impacto en la congruencia entre miembros comunitarios y las decisiones de apoyo.  相似文献   

8.
The goal of this paper is to understand whether perceptions of supranationalisation of economic policy mitigate economic voting in the Eurozone. We focus on two countries with divergent performances in the Eurozone: Germany and Greece, and make use of a novel dataset, which contains all necessary items to test this hypothesis. Our comprehensive vote model shows that in both countries economic voting occurs. However, once we interact perceptions of EU responsibility with perceptions of economic performance, we obtain diverging results: in Germany, the weight of economic perceptions on vote increases when citizens assign a higher responsibility to the EU for the country's economic situation. This is the opposite of what the “blurring of responsibility” posits. On the contrary, Greek electors are in line with expectations of our main hypothesis. Moreover, in this country we also found support for the idea that only citizens with a high level of political sophistication are able to incorporate the distribution of responsibilities for the economic policy in their vote calculus. Our results suggest that the blurring of responsibility effect on the vote may not be systematic across the Eurozone.  相似文献   

9.
我国经济领域的市场化导致越来越多的权力要素流入社会,如温州商会这样的第三部门有效地匡正了市场失灵等现象,也成为地方政府的必要助手。由于研究者们还经常赋予第三部门以公民社会结构要素的意义,就导致了我国第三部门研究中两种“国家—社会观”的矛盾。对温州商会的考察表明,我国第三部门的实际状况更接近合作主义框架,而合作主义也是第三部门未来最为可能的发展路径,在合作中,公民社会发展才成为可能。  相似文献   

10.
城市拆迁中的利益冲突与公共利益界定——方法与路径   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
对城市拆迁中公共利益的内涵、特征进行了重新梳理和辨析,在此基础上,探讨城市拆迁中公共利益的界定方法及界定路径,为城市房屋拆迁中公共利益实体界定的重复性问题和程序界定的虚化性问题提出了解决方案.研究认为,在我国城市拆迁中,公共利益缺乏制度层面的明确界定是城市拆迁中的利益冲突和产生拆迁纠纷的原因,表现在强制拆迁和在补偿安置问题上的对抗;基于城市拆迁中公共利益的性质和基本特征,需要综合运用逻辑演绎、要素甄别以及排除法来界定城市拆迁公共利益,并必须同时遵循形式上的程序判断路径和实质上的内容判断路径.  相似文献   

11.
    
The state‐level ballot initiative process has been criticized for failing to live up to the progressive ideals of a citizen‐driven, grassroots endeavor. Much less attention, however, has been paid to the initiative process on the local level. This article assesses the democratic credentials of the local initiative process by analyzing which groups sponsor initiatives and what types of issues they attempt to influence. Using a dataset of California initiatives between 2001 and 2008, I find that the local initiative process is a mix of interest group politics and citizen‐driven efforts. There are many examples of “grassroots” campaigns that resemble twentieth‐century progressives' hopes for direct democracy. By contrast, established interest groups frequently use ballot measures to accomplish their political goals, similar to dynamics observed at the statewide level. This is a result of the relatively small size of jurisdictions, which creates conditions favorable to both types of politics. El proceso de las propuestas de ley a nivel estatal ha sido criticado por los altos ideales progresistas impulsados por los ciudadanos. Sin embargo, el proceso de iniciativas a nivel local ha recibido mucho menos atención. Este articulo evalúa las cualidades democráticas de los procesos de iniciativas ciudadanas locales analizando qué grupos patrocinan iniciativas y qué tipos de problemas tratan de influir. Usando una base de datos de las iniciativas California entre 2001 y 2008, encuentro que el proceso de las iniciativas locales es una mezcla de intereses de grupos políticos y esfuerzo impulsado por los ciudadanos. Existen muchos ejemplos de campañas “con raíces locales” que se asemejan a las expectativas progresistas del siglo veinte por una democracia directa. Por otra parte, grupos de interés establecidos usan las urnas frecuentemente para lograr sus objetivos políticos, de manera similar a la dinámica observada a nivel estatal. Este es el resultado de áreas jurídicas relativamente pequeñas, lo cual crea condiciones favorables para ambos tipos de políticas. Related Articles: “Conditions for Efficacious Petitions,” (2011): http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00314.x/abstract “Elite Frame Selection and Development in Ballot Initiative Campaigns,” (2009): http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00175.x/abstract “Raiders of the Lost Vote,” (2005): http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2005.tb00643.x/abstract  相似文献   

12.
我国乡村干部的腐败问题及其治理对策研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
乡村干部处在农村工作的第一线,是农业生产和农村社会活动的组织者和领导者,是党的路线、方针、政策在农村的宣传者、推动者和执行者,是团结带领农民群众建设社会主义新农村的带头人.近年来中国乡村干部腐败问题越来越严重,在有些地方已成为"常态".腐败案件越来越多,并且呈现逐年上升的趋势,引起了广大农民群众的强烈不满.从分析乡村干部腐败案件入手,揭示了造成乡村干部腐败的五个因素:乡村干部权力观的严重扭曲,手中掌握的权力"含金量"高,权力运行缺乏有效监督,腐败的预期成本低,以及财务管理混乱等.指出了乡村干部腐败的严重性:乡村干部腐败损害了党和政府的形象,侵害了农民群众的切身利益,制约了农村集体经济的发展,破坏了农村的社会稳定.最后,有针对性地提出了治理乡村干部腐败的对策.  相似文献   

13.
转型期中国公共领导体制变革与廉政建设   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
腐败与反腐败是社会政治生活中的一个永恒主题。腐败的存在与公共权力密切相关,作为公共权力运作的核心性规范,公共领导体制直接规定着高层领导者运用权力的方式,影响着社会的腐败与反腐败活动。伴随着社会发展,中国公共领导体制开始现代化转型,从传统型权威和个人魅力型权威向法理型权威转换,其反腐败方略也相应地从注重思想教育和社会运动转向注重制度约束。与此相适应,必须深化公共领导体制改革,以制度创新根治腐败,包括:进行良好的宪政分权,发展直接民主;引入政治竞争,实行政务公开;转变政府职能,推动行政体制改革,规范政府行为;强化监督机制和惩罚机制;加强思想教育和道德约束,提高政府官员的廉洁自律度,等等。  相似文献   

14.
数以亿计的农民工和谐融入城市是当前以及未来中国社会发展中的重大问题。为了研究文化融合、经济融合、政治融合和社会融合等诸方面的因素是如何影响农民工对城市的感知关系水平的,基于2010年在沪农民工的问卷调查数据,考察了农民工城市融合诸因素对城市感知关系(生活满意度、认同度、未来发展意愿)的影响。发现:文化融合程度越高,农民工对上海的认同程度就越高,也会更愿意留在上海发展,但其生活满意度未必越高;经济融合程度越高,城市生活满意度、城市认同度和未来留在上海发展的意愿都越高;政治融合只对未来发展意愿有影响;社会融合越高,农民工对城市的认同度越高,对生活也越满意。研究为政府引导和促进农民工和谐融入城市提供了新的视角。  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

This article explores to what extent to local pro-reform actors matter in Indonesia through the prism of anti-corruption campaigns in the country's regions. I argue that the rash of anti-corruption campaigns and related trials involving legislative members, especially from mid-2004 onward, can be attributed neither to the resources lavished on anti-corruption organizations based in Jakarta, nor to the popularity of President Yudhoyono's anti-corruption rhetoric. Instead, it can be traced to a particular anti-corruption campaign that began in earnest in 2002 in Padang, West Sumatra. Using a multi-dimensional approach, a small group of activists relentlessly pursued their newly elected provincial legislators to be accountable to their democratic mandates and as important, to respect the rule of law pursuant to new national anti-corruption legislation. The guilty verdicts of May 2004 galvanized similar groups across the country to investigate their respective legislative bodies. This exemplary case of societal accountability also demonstrated the leverage activists can gain over local politicians when they forge coalitions with other elite actors, especially those in Jakarta. I further explore two anti-corruption cases in the province of West Kalimantan to place post-Padang developments in their proper perspective. If hopes were raised that regional anti-corruption movements–based on the Padang model–might accomplish more than sensational trials but help consolidate democracy at the regional level by holding elected officials accountable, these two examples show how fleeting these expectations might be. The trials that took place but which produced no convictions resulted from the fallout of local political tussles, and not from local civil society organizations galvanized by the ideals of transparency and good governance.  相似文献   

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18.
董睿 《学理论》2012,(22):160-161
在新的形势下,如何上好基础课,不断增强教育教学的针对性、实效性和吸引力、感染力,使基础课成为军校学员真心喜爱、终身受益的优秀课程。从如何培养学员学习兴趣入手,在提高学员学习能力的同时,注重发挥社会主义荣辱观在构建军校学员理想人格中的作用。  相似文献   

19.
"邻避"一词是舶来品,但在中国却得到了广泛的应用。"邻避"概念集合包括"邻避效应""邻避情结""邻避设施""邻避冲突"等。"邻避设施"的经建,使居民产生"邻避情结",进而导致"邻避冲突",此观点可以概括为"邻避效应"。通过对"邻避"概念的系统反思,可以发现其遭遇了来自民众、政府、专家等利益相关群体所构建的"多重污名化"的情况,同时"邻避"概念的使用还存在权力思维、价值思维、技术思维、拿来思维误区,对于中国经验的解释也十分有限。"工程人文风险"概念框架的构建,提供了一个包括敏感人、敏感性工程、主观风险等概念构成学术概念集合和逻辑关系,这有助于探索出一个新的解释框架,减少由于"邻避"概念所造成的问题,也有助于形成更符合中国经验的新的话语体系。  相似文献   

20.
美国食品安全事权划分,在形式上呈现分散特征,联邦层面有十多个机构参与食品监管事务,州、地方、部落、领地有3000多个独立的监管机构来保障本地食品安全,这种分散特征主要是由美国的宪政体制、权力结构的分散性和政策输出的不确定性造成的。但在实际运行过程中,各监管机构之间通过正式的和非正式的协调活动,彼此之间分享了权力,共享了食品安全监管标准,达到了一定的统一性。我国食品安全事权划分可在明晰监管机构间的责任、保持事权划分稳定性以培养专业能力、建立倒金字塔式的监管任务结构方面借鉴美国的经验。  相似文献   

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