发展中国家政党体制面临的挑战及未来走势

政党政治在大多数发展中国家实行时间并不长,政党．体制的成熟和完善还需一个较长的过程。当前,由于国际和国内形势的深刻变化,无论采取何种政党体制,发展中国家都不同程度地出现了这样或那样的问题,面临诸多考验。     

The School-to-Work Transition in Developing Countries

Youth bulges in developing countries may carry both a potential for growth via demographic dividends, and ticking political time bombs, depending on the success of authorities in providing youth with adequate opportunities as they transit into the labour markets of the twenty-first century. In this article I examine the theoretical and empirical research on school-to-work transitions (SWT) in developing countries. After a discussion of the attempts at operationalising the concept of school-to-work transitions from a statistical point of view, I review the theoretical settings suitable for analysing the SWT. Despite an extensive search and matching literature, few models seem adapted to developing countries’ labour markets, and even fewer are empirically tested. I then examine the determinants of transition lengths at the individual and macro level. Findings indicate that education is not always associated with shorter durations to first employment, and that the reasons may be higher expectations, reservation wages, or queuing. Women generally experience longer transitions in the labour market, and evidence from labour market interventions is mixed. Many factors likely to influence the school-to-work transition have not been studied from the point of view of school-to-work transitions, however, and potential directions for future research are presented.     

International Financial Crisis and Development Models of the Developing Countries

In the past one or two years most developing countries have implemented various types of anti-crisis measures. These measures are quite effective, but they should not be regarded as efforts to abandon the current models. Taking into consideration of today’s global financial crisis and also the past experience and lessons of the developing countries in pursuing economic and social progress, developing countries should pay more attention to the following points when they adjust and improve their development models in the post-crisis era: take a positive attitude towards globalization; deal properly the relationship between government intervention and market mechanism; adhere to outward orientation; encourage financial innovation; seek a green recovery; never neglect the imperative need of promoting social development.     

Four Challenges in the Future of Restorative Justice

Abstract

Restorative justice (RJ) emerged in the late 1970s as an alternative to conventional youth and criminal justice practices. Since this time, RJ has experienced rapid growth in theory and practice. At the same time, much of this growth has come from expansion in lower-end criminal justice responses to crime, and in the increasing use of the term “restorative” for a widening host of practices and interventions. RJ has also faced problems related to its increasing institutionalization, resulting in divergence from earlier aims and goals. In this article, we set forth what we see as the four biggest challenges facing the future of RJ, namely problems related to definition, institutionalization, displacement, and relevance of RJ practices. We follow with discussion of possible future directions of RJ.     

Building Bond Repayment Capacity in Developing Countries: A Study on Property Tax Collections and Debt Affordability in Mexico

This article uses a multinomial regression model to analyze the bond repayment capacity of issuers of municipal bonds in Mexico. The study emphasizes the role that property and land-based taxes have in the enhancement of repayment capacity, as these are highly underutilized levies with important revenue raising potential. The findings show that there is no statistically significant link between these taxes and the chosen proxy for repayment capacity. This follows from an institutional and legal framework that creates an artificial environment of fiscal solvency. The Mexican case is instructive on how not to create a subnational bond market.     

The Impact of Household Structure on Female Autonomy in Developing Countries

Abstract

Joint household structures in which several generations co-reside in a single house are common across developing countries. Such households may confer benefits on all the family members through household public goods with the patriarch exercising greater control over resources. Therefore, the household structure may affect the bargaining power of its members. This paper estimates the effect of joint versus nuclear household structure in India on the autonomy of women and their labour force participation and the heterogeneity in the effects by income, caste, and region. I use an instrumental variable approach and find that women living in nuclear households have greater decision-making power.     

Sustainable Development in Developing Countries: The Role of Social Entrepreneurs

Internationally, there has been a general trend towards crime prevention and community safety measures. The main policy ideas and instruments associated with this trend have spread widely in Western countries. This article examines the Swedish national crime prevention policy. As Sweden is a welfare society with a long tradition of social crime prevention, it is of great interest to explore to what extent the aforementioned trend has influenced its crime prevention policy. We do this by examining Sweden's national policy and how its concepts have spread to the local level—specifically, to municipalities and their local crime prevention councils. We find that there has been a preventive shift in Sweden, although not as far-reaching as in many other European countries. Substantial changes have occurred in the understanding and direction of crime prevention work, and the question is to what extent this development will continue.     

发展中国家的经济形势及前景

2003年国际政治形势复杂多变,各种矛盾相互交织,世界局部地区战争接二连三、地区动荡加剧,恐怖活动猖獗,国际经济环境存在着许多不稳定和不确定的因素.在持续动荡的国际形势下,全球经济出现了新的转机.从2003年下半年以来,全球经济复苏步伐明显加快,由于各地区和国家经济存在着差异,经济复苏也各不相同.随着全球经济的复苏,发展中国家的经济发展也随之呈现好的态势.     

发展中国家一些政党对华评价及主要关注点

随着经济社会快速发展,综合国力不断上升,中国在国际格局中的地位发生变化,国际影响有了大幅提升。世界各国对中国发展和中国共产党执政表示了前所未有的关注。     

Gender and Modern Supply Chains in Developing Countries

The rapid spread of modern supply chains in developing countries is profoundly changing the way food is produced and traded. In this article we examine gender issues related to this change. We conceptualise various mechanisms through which women are directly affected, we review existing empirical evidence and add new survey-based evidence. Our results suggest that, although modern supply chains are gendered, their growth is associated with reduced gender inequalities in rural areas. We find that women benefit more and more directly from large-scale estate production and agro-industrial processing, and the creation of employment in these modern agro-industries than from smallholder contract-farming.     

发展中国家的安全状况及其前景

冷战后,发展中国家在安全领 域面临前所未有的复杂局面,内外安全方面的不确定性增加,各种突发事件猝不及防。世界安全的矛盾焦点也在向发展中国家集中。发展中国家维护国家综合安全的难度和压力空前加大,许多国家已陷入日趋艰难复杂的安全困境中。伊拉克战争的爆发,成为发展中国家安全现状的一个活生生的注脚。     

主权制度与国际民主——以发展中国家与发达国家主权的弹性变化为视角

在现实中,人们通常是以相对悲观的眼光看待国际民主问题,认为在国际社会中,差别极大的国家之间的互动很少能够遵循民主的价值原则;学术界也更多地把国际民主看成是一种“应然的”理想或信仰,对民主的研究囿于国境之内、止于界河边上。然而本文认为,国际政治中同样存在民主,它不仅仅以一种“价值事实”的形式存在于学理的讨论中,在国际政治的现实中,     

Trade Liberalisation and Export Performance in Selected Developing Countries

This article examines the impact of trade liberalisation on export growth for a sample of 22 developing economies. The research applies dynamic panel data models based on fixed-effects and generalised methods of moments (GMM) estimators. In addition, heterogeneous panels for the complete sample, as well as for different regions of the world, are estimated using a time-series/cross-section technique. The main findings are that trade liberalisation is a significant determinant of export performance, but its effect varies across continents. Export duties have a small detrimental effect on export growth, while relative price changes and world income growth have the expected signs.     

Place-Shaping by Local Government in Developing Countries: Lessons for the Developed World

The Lyons Inquiry into local government in Britain represented a significant contribution to the debate on local government reform, with policy ramifications well beyond contemporary Britain. This article considers the Inquiry's concept of “place-shaping” as a mode of local government reform which captures the experience of a number of developing countries in recent years. By way of illustrative examples, we examine these processes in the specific contexts of South Africa and Indonesia. In particular, we consider whether the devolution of functions to municipalities in developmental settings constitutes place-shaping, and how this bears on processes of local government reform in developed nations.     

2010年国际社会政治思潮发展动向与特点

2010年正值十年之交,国际金融危机、欧洲债务危机相互交织,西方国家发展模式的弊端凸显,各方全球治理博弈加剧。当前既是发展模式改革的探索期,又是世界秩序转型的演进期。形势大动荡,模式大调整,秩序大变革,催发各类国际社会政治思潮相互激荡。