Form and Formalism: The View from Legal Theory

Abstract. The article considers Robert Summers' new book ( Summers 2006 ), in the context of Summers' earlier work and the role of form and formalism in other jurisprudential discussions. While accepting the value of a form‐centered approach to studying law, the article questions Summers' claim that his approach is clearly superior to (and not merely complementary with) traditional analytic theories, like those of Hart and Kelsen. The article also suggests that the book's discussion of form in contract and commercial law is somewhat disappointing, given Summers' expertise in this area, and the many difficult form‐related questions that area raises.     

法律方法中的形式主义与反形式主义

法律形式主义已经成了法律理论中一个确定无疑的贬义词.形式主义实际上是法律方法中的元方法,过度的反法律形式主义会使自身陷入非法律形式主义的悖论,并使法学面临丧失自身自治性的危机.     

论自然法学与实证主义法学的互动融合

实证主义法学自产生以来就与自然法学争论不休,曾引起学界的广泛讨论和关注,孰优孰劣,至今仍无定论.其焦点在于实证主义法学主张法律是政治统治的工具,是国家制定或认可的规则体系,而自然法学坚持法律的本质在于法律规则所反映的东西,这些东西是来源于理性积良心的道德标准或原则.但却忽视了自然法学和实证主义法学的相互补充性,事实上,它们在历史长河中是融合互动的,这种趋势在当今社会变得更加清晰、明朗.因此,未来自然法学和实证主义法学的发展,应当坚持规则和正义的统一,承认彼此相互依存,有的放矢地融为一体,共同促进法学研究不断迈向前进.     

我国地下水一体化管理理论及法律制度研究

如果地下水是地表水的支流,健全的经营模式则要求把支流地下水和地表水作为整体进行一体化运营.一体化利用的目的是通过综合利用影响或强制干预水资源的利用,拥有地表水或地下水使用权的用水者需要调整每一权利主体的用水以便达到整体最优利用.为此,美国的地下水一体化管理理念及其法律制度值得借鉴.我国的地下水管理,应当创新地下水资源管理的基本法理并建立起配套的一体化法律制度,如统一管理机关及其法定职权、明确地下水利用者的水权权源及权利限制、完备取水许可证制度、制定水量统一调配使用的法律规范及技术标准、配套相关的经济激励措施.     

Legal Principles and Legal Theory

Current legal theory is concerned with the presence of principles in law partly because they are at the core of Dworkin's criticisms of Hart's rule of recognition. Hart's theory is threatened by the possibility that the identification of some principles follows an extremely relaxed rule of recognition, or even no rule at all. Unfortunately, there is no conclusive test to ascertain what is the case in actual practice. On the other hand, the evaluative arguments which support Dworkin's proposal of principled adjudication are forceful but not conclusive. Moreover, since ultimate controversy over values is plausible, judicial discretion may sometimes be inevitable.     

关于进一步规范法律服务市场秩序的思考

规范法律服务市场秩序,是完成十六大提出的拓展和规范法律服务要求的重要措施,也是促进依法治国,完善社会主义市场经济体制的重要保证。我们认为,必须从分析法律服务的特有属性和矛盾入手,借鉴国外的有益做法,研究探索规范法律服务市场秩序的路径。一、关于法律服务的双重属性及其相互矛盾法律服务具有“服务业”和“法律职业”的双重属性。(一)法律服务具有服务业的属性。根据世贸组织《国际服务贸易分类表》,法律服务属于商业服务中的专业服务,法律服务业是服务业的重要组成部分。法律服务和其他商业服务一样,具有服务业的三个属性:一是有…     

Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory Revisited

This article deals with the relation between a theory of law and a theory of legal reasoning. Starting from a close reading of Chapter VII of H. L. A. Hart's The Concept of Law, it claims that a theory of law like Hart's requires a particular theory of legal reasoning, or at least a theory of legal reasoning with some particular characteristics. It then goes on to say that any theory of legal reasoning that satisfies those requirements is highly implausible, and tries to show that this is the reason why not only Hart, but also writers like Neil MacCormick and Joseph Raz have failed to offer a theory of legal reasoning that is compatible with legal positivism as a theory of law. They have faced a choice between an explanation of legal reasoning that is incompatible with the core of legal positivism or else strangely sceptical, insofar as it severs the link between general rules and particular decisions that purport to apply them.     

论新兴权利的一般理论

新兴权利不同于新型权利。它是法定权利的对称,是法定权利之外的、实存的社会权利,但与此同时,它是与法定权利息息相关的权利。新兴权利的生成根据,既可能出于法律遗漏,也可能是出自法律排斥,更可能出自社会关系和社会事实变迁。新兴权利的保护方式,既可能通过权利推定,也可能通过民间规范,还可能通过纠纷解决。     

The Derivational Theory of Legal Interpretation in Polish Legal Theory

International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique - The article presents so-called “derivational” theory of legal interpretation and...     

Neil MacCormick's Second Thoughts on Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory. A Defence of the Original View

This paper offers a diachronic reconstruction of MacCormick's theory of law and legal argumentation: In particular, two related points will be highlighted in which the difference between the perspective upheld in Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory and the later writings is particularly marked. The first point concerns MacCormick's gradual break with legal positivism, and more specifically the thesis that the implicit pretension to justice of law proves legal positivism false in all its different versions. The second point concerns MacCormick's acceptance of the one‐right‐answer thesis and the consequent thinning of the differences between MacCormick's theory of legal reasoning and that of Ronald Dworkin and of Robert Alexy. The intent, however, is not only to describe this change in MacCormick's thought, but also to attempt a defence of the original view that we find in Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory.     

亚历山大·佩策尼克的法律转化与法律证成理论

亚历山大·佩策尼克一生的研究重点在于法律论证理论和认识论,特别是法律与正义上的融贯理论,在《作为合理性的理性:论法律证成》一书中提出了一套独特的法律转化与法律证成理论。在他看来,法学结论、司法裁决等既可以在法律语境之中充分证成,也可以在它之外加以证成。前者为法律语境内充分证成,其建立在既有的法律传统之上;后者为深度证成,它们作为商谈之最佳化条件下尽可能根本的证成而被法律人视为正当的前提提供某种支持或者批判。他成功地将法律解释的分析与我们这个时代最为核心的哲学、道德和文化问题结合起来。     

美国的法律家长主义理论与实践

在美国法上,法律家长主义是指法律为了当事人自身的利益而限制其自治。在理论上,对法律家长主义争论主要是从法律经济学和法律价值论两个维度进行的,对家长主义式的规定有无效率、法律是否应保持价值中立和自治这一价值在法律中的地位进行探讨。在实践中,法律家长主义在美国合同法、行政法和宪法中有着广泛的应用,对当事人的缔约自由、表达自由、平等权等进行限制,对市场经济和社会保障中的某些行为予以规制。     

论法律行为无效后的财产返还

法律行为无效后,如果双方已为给付均有返还可能,则相互返还。但在一方所为给付客观上无法返还时,很难采用既符合逻辑推理、又符合公平观念的一般准则予以处理,只能根据行为无效的不同情况,予以区别对待。相对无效行为被撤销后,应充分考虑撤销权人的利益保护,而我国司法实务对某些已经实际履行的绝对无效行为在价格确定上采用＂无效行为当有效处理＂的原则,有其合理性。此外,应将民事上的财产返还与行政上的处罚分开。赠与行为因违反公序良俗而无效时,应当参照双务合同无效后的处理原则,未履行者不得再请求履行,但已经履行者,赠与人不得请求返还。     

On Giving Legal Form Its Due. A Study in Legal Theory

Abstract.  The four theses of this paper are: (1) that an appropriate organizational form is used to design, define, and organize a functional unit of a legal system, (2) that the functional units of a legal system, contrary to the emphasis in Hart and Kelsen, consist of far more than rules, and include institutions, interpretive and other methodologies, sanctions and remedies, and more, (3) that frontal and systematic study of the forms of these units is a major avenue for advancing understanding of them as duly organized wholes, and, (4) that such study reveals that much credit is due these forms, along with complementary material or other components of the units, for values realized through law.     

Tunisia and the Critical Legal Theory of Dissensus

Schmitt insists that the sovereign decision is unavoidable, that even an anarchist is caught in the trap of sovereignty when he tries to ??decide against decision??. This article begins to think about a critical legal vocabulary that might suspend the necessity of the will to constitute, while emphasising the creativity of the constituent moment. The terms inoperativity, dis-enclosure and dissensus are developed and deployed in order to think about certain aspects of the Tunisian revolution. In particular, the article focuses upon the refusal of the state of the situation, the subtraction of loyalty and the insistence of a form of life beyond Ben Ali??s sovereign order.     

青海省法律援助资源调配与整合研究

一、青海省法律援助资源供需现状 （一）法律援助资源供给状况 1、法律援助人力资源供给状况。法律援助人力资源即法律援助实施主体，大致可分为法律援助机构和法律援助人员两类。